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Vol.4 No.1 – 1 : Histological and histochemical changes in liver of gamma-irradiated rats and the possible protective role of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA)

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By : Hemmat Mansour Abdelhafez and Heba Ahmed Mohamed Kandeal

Abstract

Exposure to ionizing radiation represents a genuine increasing threat to mankind and our environment. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a blue-green microalgal species which has antioxidant properties. The Aim of the work: this study aimed to elucidate the possible radioprotective effect of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) on liver of irradiated adult male rats using biochemical parameters, histopathology and quantitative histochemistry. Matrerial and methods: the current experiment was carried out on 48 adult male albino rats (Rattus rattus). Rats were randomly and equally categorized into four groups: 1) Group C: control rats left without treatment; 2) Group R: rats were exposed to 4Gy of gamma-radiation as a single dose; 3) Group AFA: rats were treated orally with 94.5mg/kg body weight/ day AFA for 3 weeks and 4) Group AFA+R: rats were administrated AFA for a period of one week before and three weeks after irradiation. The experimental rats were sacrificed after 5 and 21 days post-irradiation. Results: exposed to gamma radiation showed many biochemical changes which included a significant increase in serum ALAT, ASAT ,ALP activities and MDA in the liver tissues . Many histopathological and histochemical changes were observed in the liver tissue, such as corrugated and ruptured endothelial lining of the central vein which contained hemolysed blood cells, numerous vacuolated hepatocytes with increased signs of karyolysis and pyknosis in nuclei of hepatocytes, highly dilated and congested hepatic portal vein, numerous hemorrhagic areas and distorted bile ducts. Highly increased collagen fibers were also observed after gamma irradiation in the liver tissue. In addition, irradiated group induced a significant increase in amyloid β-protein, while a significant decrease in PAS+ve materials, total protein  and total DNA content was detected. Supplementation with AFA showed a trend toward lowering incidence of hepatic histopathological and histochemical changes induced by γ-radiation.

Conclusion: according to the results obtained in the current study using Aphanizomenon flos- aquae as a natural agent showed a strong radioprotective role.

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Vol.2 No.12 -6 : Effect of fast neutrons-irradiated diets on liver structure and function of male albino rats

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By : Samir A. Nassar , Mahmoud R. Mahmoud , Magda S. Hanafy and Hagar A. Khalaf

Abstract

Presently, there is a growing need for the technology of food irradiation since it provides an effective process in food preservation and quality improvement . Accordingly, this study was designed to investigate the effects of fast neutron- irradiated wheat grains on the structure and function of the liver of albino rats. . Rats were categorized into two main groups (G1 & G2 ) ,40 animals for each. Each group was subdivided equally to four subgroups ( A,B,C&D for G1 and AA,BB,CC&DD for G2). A and AA served as control animals for G1 and G2 respectively and given non-irradiated diets ,while B,C&D were given irradiated diets at three different fluencies of fast neutrons;4.3×105 ,2.0×106 and 1.4×107 n/Cm2 respectively .But ,BB,CC and DD were given a diet of irradiated wheat of the second generation ( harvested from cultivation of the irradiated grains of the first generation ) at the same previous fluencies. Serum albumin and total protein, biochemical markers of liver function ( ALP, ALT and AST ) and the histopathological alterations of liver would be tested. Rresults of the present work highlight the detectable effect of irradiated wheat grains by the moderate ( 106 ) and the highest ( 107 ) fluencies of fast neutrons on albumin and total protein concentrations ( as indices of liver synthetic capacity). However the lowest (105) fluency exerted no detectable effect. The application of feeding with grains of the 2nd. generation on G2 experimental subgroups ( BB, CC & DD ) recorded a slight increase did not approaching a significant value ( p > 0.05 ) concerning albumin and total protein levels, in all treated animals Concerning the enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ) and transaminases ( ALT & AST ) , they recorded minor fluctuations between the positive and negative range in the exposed animals of both groups ( G1 & G2) as compared to controls . But , these little differences did not approaching a significant record except for ALP inBB subgroup of G2 . On histopathological examination of liver tissue , sporadic spontaneous lesions , known to occur in rats , were the only findings , with no specific relation to the studied stress factor .Therefore , it can be concluded that fast neutron-irradiated diets does not cause changes of any toxicological significance in experimental animals , at the conditions of the current experiment , in spite of minor changes in biochemical parameters . But , it is necessary to demonstrate the safety of radiationprocessed food in case of human consumption.

6. Effect of fast neutrons-irradiated diets on liver structure and function of male albino rats
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Vol.2 No.12 -5 : Effect of chitosan nanoparticles on haloperidol drug-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats Light and Electron Microscopic study.

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By : Sahar A. Sabry , Samia M. Sakr and Hassan M. Ibrahim

Abstract

Haloperidol (HP) is a widely used neuroleptic drug for the treatment of acute and chronic psychosis. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of haloperidol on the liver of rats and the possible preventive effect of chitosan nanoparticle. Thirty two adult male rats were used in the present study. They were allocated into four groups. The first group served as control and was injected i.p. with 1mg/kg saline solution. The second group, each rat received a single (i.p.) injection of (2 mg/kg b.wt.) chitosan nanoparticles, each animal of third group given 0.3mg/ml/kg haloperidol while in the fourth group each rat received 0.3 mg/ml/kg haloperidol carried on nanoparticles daily for 21 days. Histological examination of liver sections of haloperidol- treated rats revealed destruction of the normal pattern of the hepatic lobules. The hepatic cells appeared with fatty degeneration and vacuolation of hepatocytes. The nuclei of hepatocytes exhibited noticeable signs of deterioration; pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis. Congestion of blood vessels was also detected and the portal areas were invaded by inflammatory lymphocytes. On the other hand, the liver sections of rats treated with haloperidol carried on nanoparticles showed minimizing the toxic effects of haloperidol alone. Electron microscopic investigation of hepatocytes of haloperidoltreated rats revealed conspicuous alterations, represented by aggregation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in clumps and the mitochondria underwent swelling with obvious condensation of their matrices by materials that displayed high electron density and some of them lost their cristae. In conclusion: this study showed that when haloperidol carried on nanoparticles it decreased the destructive progress of haloperidol on the liver of rats.

5_Effect_of_chitosan_nanoparticles_on_haloperidol_drug-induced_hepatotoxicity_in_albino_rats_Light_and_Electron_Microscopic_study
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Vol.2 No.10 -2 : Oral supplementation of aqueous Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits oxidative stress and hippocampus injury associated with methotrexate injection.

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By : Ehab Tousson , Ahmed Masoud; Afaf M. Elatrsh and Tamer Mostafa

Abstract

Methotrexate is effective for the treatment of a number of cancers including breast, lung, leukemia an osteosarcoma. This study was conducted to examine the possible modifying effects of Ginkgo biloba against hippocampal and brain toxicity induced by methotrexate in male albino rats. This could be fulfilled through the histological, immunohistochemically and biochemical analysis of hippocampal brain tissues. The experiments were performed on 36 male albino rats divided into 6 groups; the first and second groups were the control and Gingko groups respectively while the 3rd group methotrexate rat group; the 4th and the 5th groups were co- and post treated Methotrexate rat groups with Gingko respectively and the 6th group was methotrexate self-treated rat group. In brain homogenates Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in methotrexate group showed a significant increase when compared with control group, in contrast methotrexate-treated group also exhibited a significant decrease in brain antioxidants machinery represented by catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and total proteins. The histological changes consisted of destruction of oligodendrocytes, sometimes complete over large areas, and sometimes relatively slight. All the rats which survived long enough after treatment showed severe astrocytosis. Rats’ brains immunocytochemical results showed that GFAP-positive cells astrocytes increase after Exposure to (MTX) compared with the other groups.

2_Oral_supplementation_of_aqueous_Ginkgo_biloba_extract_inhibits_oxidative_stress_and_hippocampus_injury_associated_with_methotrexate_injection
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Vol.2 No.10 -5 : Modulation of boldenone induced hepatic and renal toxicity by Moringa oleiferaas in albino rats.

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Abstract

Boldenone is an anabolic androgenic steroid and synthetic derivative of testosterone that was originally developed for veterinary use. Its use is very spread on veterinary medicine because its ability to increase protein synthesis. The aim of this study is to show the toxic effect in liver and kidney caused after the intramuscular injection of boldenone and focus on the role of Moringa oleifera as co-trateated substance in improving hepatic and renal toxicity of boldenone. 40 adult rats were equally divided into four main groups. Group A injected intramuscularly with olive oil, group B treated only with Moringa oleifera 200 mg/Kg body weight, group C injected with boldenone undecylenate only once every three weeks, and co-treated group D which received both intramuscular boldenone undecylenate once every three weeks beside intragastrically dose of of Moringa leaf extract twic-=0lie/week. The results showed that all the animals in the control groups (A and B) appeared healthy till the end of the experiment. The groups treated with boldenone showed a significant elevation in the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, urea, and creatinine compared to the control group. While the oxidative stress in the groups treated with boldenone showed a significant increase in the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total protein, and total thiol and marked reduction in the level of Glutathione (GSH), Catalase activity (CAT), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD). On the other hand the groups treated with Moringa olifera showed a marked reduction in the level of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, MDA, and NO. While the level of GSH, CAT, and SOD showed a significant increase comparing with the control group. These results explain the side effect of boldenone undecylenate on the liver and kidney which may cause hepatic and renal diseases and also the role of Moringa olifera in improving these results.

5_Modulation_of_boldenone_induced_hepatic_and_renal_toxicity_by_Moringa_oleiferaas_in_albino_rats_
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Vol.2 No.07 -10 : A study on the possible role of date fruit on the electrophysiology and neuropathic changes in diabetic polyneuropathy.

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By : Mohamed Bendary1 and Basma M.H.Zawawi2

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with many neurovascular complications particularly diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) that is mostly developed secondary to much release of reactive oxygen species (ROS, the potential mediators of DM-induced oxidative stress). The aim of the present study is to evaluate the possible neuroprotective role of Date Fruit Extract (DFE), an antioxidant nutrient, in ameliorating the DPN in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty adult male rats were used in this study. They were divided into 4 equal groups. Group I (Control group). Group II (DEF group), supplemented orally with 250mg/kg DFE daily for 6 weeks, Group III (Diabetic group): The rats were rendered diabetic through their injection with 50 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally and Group IV (Diabetic-DFE group). At the end of 6 weeks-experimental period; fasting serum glucose, serum insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A1ic), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) (as an index of inflammation), glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GPX) (as an index of the tissue antioxidant enzyme defense activity) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (a tissue marker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation) were measured. In addition, to ensure the development of DPN in the rats, the thermal pain threshold of the rats was assessed through a paw withdrawal latency (PWL) using the hot plate analgesia meter. In addition, Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) of the isolated sciatic nerves of the rats was assessed. The results revealed that the untreated diabetic group exhibited a significant increase of the serum glucose, Hb A1ic, serum MDA and serum TNF- together with a significant decrease of serum insulin and
GPX. In addition, the PWL and NCV were significantly lower in the diabetic rats relative to the control group. Interestingly, when the diabetic rats were supplemented with DEF, a significant improvement of all the altered parameters was obtained. In conclusion, DEF has a beneficial effect in ameliorating the altered biochemical parameters and NCV in experimentally-induced DPN, probably through its antioxidant and its anti-inflammatory effects.

10_A_study_on_the_possible_role_of_date_fruit_on_the_electrophysiology_and_neuropathic_changes_in_diabetic_polyneuropathy
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Vol.2 No.6 -10 : The radioprotective role of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) on testis of adult male albino rats

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By : Fatma Ahmed Eid , Hemmat Mansour Abdelhafez ,Samir Attia Zahkouk1 and Heba Ahmed

Mohamed Kandeal

Abstract

This work aimed to study the biochemical, histopathological and histochemical changes in the testes of
male albino rats post exposure to 4 Gy of gamma radiation and the possible radioprotective role of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA). Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a blue-green microalgal species which has antioxidant properties. The current experiment was carried out on 48 adult male albino rats (Rattus rattus). Rats were randomly and equally categorized into four groups: 1) Group C: control rats left without treatment; 2) Group R: rats were exposed to 4Gy of gamma-radiation as a single dose; 3)
Group AFA: rats were terated orally with 94.5mg/kg body weight/ day AFA for 3 weeks and 4) Group AFA+R: rats were administrated AFA for a period of one week before and three weeks after irradiation. Results obtained in the present study showed that exposed rats showed a significant increase in MDA in the testes, but decreased testosterone level was detected versus the control. Many histopathological lesions were observed in the testes tissue such as disturbed spermatogenic layers with vacuolated spermatogenic cells, presence of polynucleated cells, absence of mature sperms, oedema in the interstitial spaces, congested testicular arteries with thickened, dilated and corrugated walls of them, they also contained hemolysed blood cells with highly reduced, atrophied and distorted Leydig cells in the interstitial spaces. Irradiated groups showed highly increased collagen fibres under the testicular capsule, basement membranes, Leydig cells and around the blood vessels with signs of fibrosis in the capsule and some seminiferous tubules In addition, irradiated group induced a significant increase in amyloid - protein, while a significant decrease in PAS+ve materials, total protein and total DNA content was detected. AFA administration ameliorated the damaging effects of testes of radiation exposed rats. Conclusion: according to the results obtained in the current study using Aphanizomenon flos- aquae as a natural agent showed a strong radioprotective role. Key words. Gamma rays, ionizing radiation, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA), testes, rats.

Vol.2-No.6-10-The-radioprotective-role-of-Aphanizomenon-flos-aquae-AFA-on-testis-of-adult-male-albino-rats

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Vol.2 No.4 -1 : Effect of experimental phenylketonuria on the development of skin of prenatel and newborn fetuses.

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By : Hassan.I.Elsayyad1, Mahmoud. E. .Mohallal2, Hany .A .Hefny3, Hala . M. Ebied4

Abstract

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder that is characterized by an inability of the body to utilize the essential amino acid, phenylalanine. The disease results from a deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase, the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. The present work studied the Effect of experimental phenylketonuria on the development of skin of prenatel and newborn fetuses.The disease was induced in pregnant rats by daily intragastric administration of 30 mg. DL-a-methylphenylalanine/kg body weight plus 60 mg/kg body weight at 12 h intervals throughout pregnancy till parturition. Treatment with alpha-methylphenylalanine/phenylalanine resulted in significant decrease of accumulated body weight gain during pregnancy as well as exhibited marked growth retardation of prenatal fetuses and delivered newborn. The growth retarded fetuses was manifested by decreased body weight, malformed both fore -& hind limb, oedematous skin & superficial hematomas widely spreads in different parts of the body. Vibrissae skin hair were characterized by curved free ends as well as reduction of their size and length. Cornification was retarded . The epidermis attained a considerable thinning with delayed differentiation of epidermal cell layers.The growing hair follicles lacked normal characteristic appearance. These results suggested that exposure of the fetus to high plasma concentrations of phenylalanine caused a delay in the biochemical maturation of the fetal rat.

1. Effect of experimental phenylketonuria on the development of skin of prenatel and newborn fetuses.
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Vol.2 No.4 -3 : Effect of garlic on toluene-induced biochemical and histopathological effects in albino rats.

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By : Zuhair Y. A1-Sahhaf1, Osama M. Sarhan1,2

Abstract

The present study aims to study the effect of garlic extract on toluene inhalation at very low dose, induced hematological, biochemical and histological alterations in liver of albino rats. Animals were divided into 4 groups.Group 1 (G1) served ascontrols,G2 given garlic aqueous extract,G3 inhaled toluene vapor and G4 given garlic plusinhalation of toluene vapor. Animals were sacrificed after 2and 4weeks of treatment. The results showed that exposing animals to toluene induced significant decrease in red blood cell count (RBCs),hemoglobin (HGB),and blood platelets (PLT).On the other hand, the hematocrit percentage (HCT) and white blood cells(WBCs) count increased. Moreover, transaminases(ALT and AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were increased in the sera of treated animals.Histological examination of liver of treated rats showed leukocytic infiltrations, congestion of blood vessels,cytoplasmic vacuolations of hepatocytes and fatty degeneration.Treated kidney in rats of G3 showed glomerular tufts congestion; renal space narrowing and epithelia of some renal tubules were degenerated with hemorrhage between them. To some extent, an improvement was observed in the kidney of the recovery group. Treating animals with garlic plus toluene caused an improvement in the biochemical and histological alterations in albino rats.It could be concluded that the protective effect of garlic may be attributed to the presence of organosulfur compounds which have antioxidant and detoxifying properties.

3. Effect of garlic on toluene-induced biochemical and histopathological effects in albino rats.
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Vol.2 No.2 -3 : Ameliorating effect of propolis extract against equigan induced.

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By : Ahmed Massouda, Ehab Toussona, Nahla Zedanb and Ali E. Abd elwahaba

Abstract

Equigan is an androgenic steroid that improves the growth and food conversion in meat producing animals. The present study was performed to determine the ameliorating effect of propolis in the toxicity of the rat testes induced with Equigan. Fourty male albino rat were divided into four groups (10 animals each); the control group includes animals that injected intramuscularly with olive oil. The second group includes rats received propolis. The third group is the experimental group included animals that received intramuscular injections of Equigan. The last group was co-administrated group where rats received Equigan along with propolis. The results suggest that misuse of growth promoter Equigan may contribute to continuous damage of the testicular function and structure that shown a significant increase in nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in Equigan group when compared to the control group, these results decrease in co-administrated Equigan with propolis. On the other hand a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, Glutathione (GSH) and total thiol in Equigan group when compared with control group, and a significant increase in co-administrated Equigan with propolis. It was concluded that; propolis has ameliorating role on the biochemical alterations in Equigan induced testicular toxicity in male rat.

3. Ameliorating effect of propolis extract against equigan induced.
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