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Vol.2 No.10 -5 : Modulation of boldenone induced hepatic and renal toxicity by Moringa oleiferaas in albino rats.

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Abstract

Boldenone is an anabolic androgenic steroid and synthetic derivative of testosterone that was originally developed for veterinary use. Its use is very spread on veterinary medicine because its ability to increase protein synthesis. The aim of this study is to show the toxic effect in liver and kidney caused after the intramuscular injection of boldenone and focus on the role of Moringa oleifera as co-trateated substance in improving hepatic and renal toxicity of boldenone. 40 adult rats were equally divided into four main groups. Group A injected intramuscularly with olive oil, group B treated only with Moringa oleifera 200 mg/Kg body weight, group C injected with boldenone undecylenate only once every three weeks, and co-treated group D which received both intramuscular boldenone undecylenate once every three weeks beside intragastrically dose of of Moringa leaf extract twic-=0lie/week. The results showed that all the animals in the control groups (A and B) appeared healthy till the end of the experiment. The groups treated with boldenone showed a significant elevation in the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, urea, and creatinine compared to the control group. While the oxidative stress in the groups treated with boldenone showed a significant increase in the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total protein, and total thiol and marked reduction in the level of Glutathione (GSH), Catalase activity (CAT), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD). On the other hand the groups treated with Moringa olifera showed a marked reduction in the level of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, MDA, and NO. While the level of GSH, CAT, and SOD showed a significant increase comparing with the control group. These results explain the side effect of boldenone undecylenate on the liver and kidney which may cause hepatic and renal diseases and also the role of Moringa olifera in improving these results.

5_Modulation_of_boldenone_induced_hepatic_and_renal_toxicity_by_Moringa_oleiferaas_in_albino_rats_
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Vol.2 No.4 -3 : Effect of garlic on toluene-induced biochemical and histopathological effects in albino rats.

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By : Zuhair Y. A1-Sahhaf1, Osama M. Sarhan1,2

Abstract

The present study aims to study the effect of garlic extract on toluene inhalation at very low dose, induced hematological, biochemical and histological alterations in liver of albino rats. Animals were divided into 4 groups.Group 1 (G1) served ascontrols,G2 given garlic aqueous extract,G3 inhaled toluene vapor and G4 given garlic plusinhalation of toluene vapor. Animals were sacrificed after 2and 4weeks of treatment. The results showed that exposing animals to toluene induced significant decrease in red blood cell count (RBCs),hemoglobin (HGB),and blood platelets (PLT).On the other hand, the hematocrit percentage (HCT) and white blood cells(WBCs) count increased. Moreover, transaminases(ALT and AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were increased in the sera of treated animals.Histological examination of liver of treated rats showed leukocytic infiltrations, congestion of blood vessels,cytoplasmic vacuolations of hepatocytes and fatty degeneration.Treated kidney in rats of G3 showed glomerular tufts congestion; renal space narrowing and epithelia of some renal tubules were degenerated with hemorrhage between them. To some extent, an improvement was observed in the kidney of the recovery group. Treating animals with garlic plus toluene caused an improvement in the biochemical and histological alterations in albino rats.It could be concluded that the protective effect of garlic may be attributed to the presence of organosulfur compounds which have antioxidant and detoxifying properties.

3. Effect of garlic on toluene-induced biochemical and histopathological effects in albino rats.
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Vol.2 No.3 -4 : Ameliorative effect of ginger extract against pathological alterations induced in mice bearing solid tumors.

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By : Osama M. Badr1, Saber A. Sakr2, Hala M. Abd-Eltawab1

Abstract

This study was prepared to explore the effect of ginger extract in defeating the Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) injected subcutaneously in mice and induced solid tumour. After the solid tumour formation; the mice were classified into four groups (control, tumour untreated, ginger and ginger & tumour). Eight mice were grouped separately in each cage. Mice were killed and dissected at the end of this investigation; liver and kidney were removed for histopathological study. The biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, Urea, Creatinine, MDA, SOD and CAT) were measured in the sera of all tested groups. Ginger extract ameliorated the histological structures of both liver and kidney to be near to control, modulated the elevated values of (ALT, AST, Urea, Creatinine and MDA) and reduced values of (SOD and CAT) to record slightly normal readings. Tumour volumes reduced significantly and the destructed genomic DNA retained the normal pattern. Ginger has no pathological effects on control mice.

4. Ameliorative effect of ginger extract against pathological alterations induced in mice bearing solid tumors.
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Vol.2 No.3 -6 : Teratogenicity of sodium fluoride on newly born rats.

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By : Abdelalim A. Gadallah1,2

Abstract

Fluoride (F) is widely used to sterile drinking water against bacterial infection as well as for normal cleaning of teeth. Although intake of low doses of fluoride is required to prevent dental caries, increased uptake for long time injured bone and soft tissues causes fluorosis (Susheela, 1999). The present study aims to illustrate the teratogenicity and histopathological alterations of fluoride in maternal liver, kidney and thyroid glands. Twenty virgin female and male albino rats of Wistar strain at ratio of 2 female/ 1male were kept under good ventilation with controlled conditions and excess food and water were supplied ad libitum. Pregnant rats were arranged into two groups (n= 6) including, control and fluoride-intoxicated group. Body weight, size and crown rump length of newly born rats were determined. The offspring 1-day old were sacrificed by light anesthesia with diethyl ether and immediately fixed in 10% formal saline. Alizarin red S preparation of both control, and experimental groups were made and the incidences of deformed bones were recorded. Histological preparations of maternal liver, kidney and thyroid glands were made and examined under bright field light microscopy. Experimental group exhibited disruption of the normal integrity of hepatic lobules with prominent centrilobular necrosis and dilatation of blood sinusoids. Perivascular leukocytic cell infiltration was remarked with bile duct obliteration. Also, peritubular inflammatory cellular infiltration associated with degeneration of renal tubular lining epithelial cells and reduction of their tubular lumina were also detected. Degeneration of the thyroid follicles with marked reduction and vacuolation of colloid. Few numbers of the thyroid follicles exhibited exfoliation of their lining cells within their follicular lumina. Inter-follicular hemorrhage and congested blood vessels were remarked. Fluoride-intoxication showed abortion of one /6 mothers. There were numerical decreases of offspring of fluoride-intoxicated mother . Increase average of congenital malformations was observed.

6. Teratogenicity of sodium fluoride on newly born rats.
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Vol.1 No.6 -3 : Comparison between the ameliorative potentials of canagliflozin and metformin on the testicular damage in diabetic rats .

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By : Margit Semmler1, Abdel-Baset M. Aref2

Abstract

To evaluate the Renoprotective efficacy of melatonin against long term exposure induced changes of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), cell proliferation and DNA synthesis was determined in the epithelial cells of cortical and medullary renal tubules in female and male mice applying quantitative autoradiographic analysis and using 3H thymidine as a radioactive label. A total of 30 male and female adult albino mice were divided into 3 groups, each of 10 individuals: control (group C), DMBA exposed (group D) and DMBA/melatonin exposed (group D+M) mice. In female mice, long term exposure for 150 days to a single injection of DMBA (10mg/ 100g b.w.) stimulated the incorporation rate of 3H thymidine into the epithelium of cortical renal tubules by 6774% compared to control. The number of grains over labeled nuclei was reduced by 57.1%. Daily injected with melatonin (100 g/ 100g b.w.) during the last 60 days of exposure to a single dose of DMBA attenuated cell division rate of the epithelial cells by 80% compared to group D, but remained 1275% higher than that of group C. The mean grain count over labeled nuclei was increased by 59.5% compared to group D, but remained 31.5% lower than that of control. In medullary portion of the renal tubules, DMBA induced changes were less pronounced than that in the cortical area. The cell division was stimulated by 833% compared to control and remained 8.1x lower than the percentage increase in the cortical part. The mean grain count over labeled nuclei was reduced by 40.4% compared to group C. Daily injected with melatonin (100 g/ 100g b.w.) during the last 60 days of exposure to a single dose of DMBA reduced the mitotic cell division by 83.9% compared to group D and thereby showing a similar effect as in the cortical part of the renal tubules. Compared to group C, the 3H labeling index remained 50% higher. In the cortical portion, the comparable value was 1275% higher than that of control. The mean grain count over labeled nuclei was increased by 26.2% compared to group D and remained 24.8% lower than in group C.

3. Comparison between the ameliorative potentials of canagliflozin and metformin on the testicular damage in diabetic rats .
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Vol.1 No.6 -5 : The renoprotective efficacy of melatonin against dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced changes after long term exposure in Mice.

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By : Margit Semmler1, Abdel-Baset M. Aref2

Abstract

To evaluate the Renoprotective efficacy of melatonin against long term exposure induced changes of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), cell proliferation and DNA synthesis was determined in the epithelial cells of cortical and medullary renal tubules in female and male mice applying quantitative autoradiographic analysis and using 3H thymidine as a radioactive label. A total of 30 male and female adult albino mice were divided into 3 groups, each of 10 individuals: control (group C), DMBA exposed (group D) and DMBA/melatonin exposed (group D+M) mice. In female mice, long term exposure for 150 days to a single injection of DMBA (10mg/ 100g b.w.) stimulated the incorporation rate of 3H thymidine into the epithelium of cortical renal tubules by 6774% compared to control. The number of grains over labeled nuclei was reduced by 57.1%. Daily injected with melatonin (100 g/ 100g b.w.) during the last 60 days of exposure to a single dose of DMBA attenuated cell division rate of the epithelial cells by 80% compared to group D, but remained 1275% higher than that of group C. The mean grain count over labeled nuclei was increased by 59.5% compared to group D, but remained 31.5% lower than that of control. In medullary portion of the renal tubules, DMBA induced changes were less pronounced than that in the cortical area. The cell division was stimulated by 833% compared to control and remained 8.1x lower than the percentage increase in the cortical part. The mean grain count over labeled nuclei was reduced by 40.4% compared to group C. Daily injected with melatonin (100 g/ 100g b.w.) during the last 60 days of exposure to a single dose of DMBA reduced the mitotic cell division by 83.9% compared to group D and thereby showing a similar effect as in the cortical part of the renal tubules. Compared to group C, the 3H labeling index remained 50% higher. In the cortical portion, the comparable value was 1275% higher than that of control. The mean grain count over labeled nuclei was increased by 26.2% compared to group D and remained 24.8% lower than in group C.

anthracene induced changes after long term exposure in Mice.”]
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Vol.1 No.5 -5 : Apoptotic Marker Alternations in the Spleen of Experimentally Hyperthyroid and Hypothyroid Rat.

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By : Ezar Hafez; Ahmed Masoud; Magdy Barnous; Ehab Tousson

Abstract

Apoptosis plays a critical role in the development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms, especially those with high cell turnover such as the lymphoid system. The current study aimed to examined the effects of changes in thyroid hormones on apoptosis of spleen in male rats. 30 rats were equally divided into three groups (10 animals each). G1, control group in which animals did not received any treatment; G2, Hypothyroid group in which rats received 0.05% 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) in drinking water for 6 weeks; G3, Hyperthyroid group in which rats received 100 μg/Kg L-Thyroxin sodium administration in drinking water for 6 weeks. In the present study; serum T3 and T4 concentrations were depressed and serum TSH concentration was significantly elevated in rats receiving PTU-induced hypothyroidism. On the other hand; serum T3 and T4 concentrations were significantly elevated and serum TSH concentration was depressed in rats receiving L-Thyroxin sodium-induced hyperthyroidism. In the current study; spleen in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid rats revealed many of abnormalities as marked disruption of spleen structure, loss in distinction between the white and red pulps, degeneration and vacuolation with an increased in the lymphocyte population. Also, a significant increase in p53 and Caspase3 apoptotic cells and a significant decrease in Bcl-2 antiapoptotic cells in the spleen tissues revealed the possibility of the apoptosis occurrence after PTU or Thyroxin administration in the case of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

5. Apoptotic Marker Alternations in the Spleen of Experimentally Hyperthyroid and Hypothyroid Rat.
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Vol.1 No.3 -1 : Ameliorative influence of Ginkgo biloba extract on acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress in livers and kidneys of male albino rats.

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By : Mohammed F.F. Bayomy* and Aziza Ali Salah Eldinn**

Abstract

In this study, the effects of Ginko biloba extract on -treated groups were divided subchronically-induced toxicity of acetaminophen (AAP) on functions of livers and kidneys of male albino rats were investigated. Subchronically into 8 groups. Animals of group1 received tap water daily for 1 week and served as controls. Animals of group 2 were treated with Ginko biloba extract (GBE) (50 mg /kg b.wt). Animals of group 3 were treated daily for 1 week with AAP (250 mg/kg b. wt.). Animals of group 4 were treated daily for 1 week with GBE (50 mg /kg b.wt) and AAP (250 mg/kg b. wt.). As for groups 5, 6, 7 and 8, they were treated experimentally as groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 but for 2 weeks. Determination of both liver and kidney functions was used as early indicators for the detection of liver damage and for evaluation of renal toxicity after exposure to the test articles. Meanwhile, serum concentration of malonedialdehyde was measured to assess the deleterious oxidative influence of AAP on the liver and kidneys. Also, the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) concentration and activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were assayed under the present experimental conditions. The data demonstrated a significant increase in serum liver function enzymes such as aminotransferases (ALT and AST) as well as alkaline phosphatase subsequent to administration of AAP, whereas a significant decrease in GSH content and in the activities of GPx, GST, CAT, and SOD was observed after 1 and 2 weeks of treatments with this test article. The results also indicated that administration of 50 mg GBE/kg b. wt. was enough for nearly normalization of various parameters examined, which appears to be due to the protective effects of GBE on AAP-induced oxidative stress in the liver and kidneys.

1. Ameliorative influence of Ginkgo biloba extract on acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress in livers and kidneys of male albino rats.
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Vol.1 No.2 -1 : Clomiphene citrate induced kidney injury in female albino rat.

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By : Hawazen A. Lamfon1 and Nahid A. Lamfon2

Abstract

Clomiphene citrate (clomid), a selective oestrogen-receptor modulator, is used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. On the other hand, it showed many adverse effects. The present work investigates the effects of clomiphene citrate (CC) on kidney of female albino rats. Many biochemical and histological changes were induced in these animals when treated with CC at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. Treating animals with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight caused elevations in serum creatinine and urea. The histological changes in the kidney of treated animals included intertubular leucocytic infiltrations, congestion of blood vessels and degeneration of renal tubules. Moreover, atrophy of glomeruli was recorded. In conclusion, biochemical and histopathological alterations indicated that clomiphene citrate causes renal damage in female albino rats.

1. Clomiphene citrate induced kidney injury in female albino rat.
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Vol.1 No.1 -2 : Ameliorative effect of aqueous extract of rosemary on cadmium – induced kidney injury in albino rats

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By : El-Morsy*, A.M., Sakr, S.A., and Bayomy, M.F

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the heavy metals causing risks for living organisms and induced high toxicity to different biological system. Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis) is plant widely used in food. It has antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic properties. The present work studied the effect of rosemary leaf extract on Cd induced kidney injury in rats.Cadmium chloride (30 mg/kg b.w, 5 consecutive days/week for 8 weeks) administration increased renal MDA but decreased GSH, CAT and SOD activities versus control. In parallel, serum urea and creatinine increased. Cadmium chloride caused histological alternations involved shrinkage in glomeruli, congestion in blood vessels, dilation in renal tubules and leucocytic infiltrations. Ultrastructural observations showed abnormality in nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, brush border, proximal and distal convoluted tubules. In the contrary, administration of aqueous extract of rosemary restored these changes. The results suggested that rosemary ameliorative these changes due to its antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals resulting from cadmium chloride.