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Vol.9 No.4-2: Interconnection between oxidative stress and type 2 diabetes mellitus

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By: Vaishali S. Pawar1*, Ajit Sontakke2, and Satyajeet K. Pawar3

  1. MD Biochemistry, Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, KVV(DU), KIMS, Karad, Maharashtra, India. 
  2. MD Biochemistry, Professor & HOD, Department of Biochemistry, KVV(DU), KIMS, Karad, Maharashtra, India.
  3. MD Microbiology, Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, KVV(DU), KIMS, Karad, Maharashtra, India

Abstract

Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) are two important biomarkers used in the context of diabetes mellitus (DM) to assess oxidative stress and damage. This study aimed to compare TAC and MDA levels in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals and find out the correlation between them. Estimation of TAC and MDA levels was done in a total of 200 individuals (100 non-diabetic and 100 diabetic individuals) by using standard spectrophotometric methods. This case-control study was done from May 2022 to Dec 2022 in a tertiary care hospital. For statistical analysis, version 20 of SPSS software was used. MDA and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels were significantly higher (P=0.000) and TAC levels were significantly lower (P=0.000) in diabetic than non-diabetic individuals. A significant negative correlation was observed between MDA and TAC in both groups. No significant correlation was found between MDA, TAC, and FPG levels. With the rise in the duration of diabetes significant increase was found in MDA and FPG levels. Also, there was a significant decrease in TAC levels. The combination of increased MDA levels, elevated FPG levels, and decreased TAC with increasing duration of diabetes indicates a state of heightened oxidative stress in DM patients.

Interconnection-between-oxidative-stress-and-type-2-diabetes-mellitus

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Vol.9 No.3-2:Biomolecular evaluation of apoptosis, cell cycle, oxidative stress, and limiting enzymes of the glycolytic pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 treated with crude snake venom with or without sorafenib

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By: Maha Y. Abdel Al Shakour1, Emad M. Elzayat2*, Khalid M. Mahmoud3,

Mamdouh I. Nassar4, Abdel Hamid Z. Abdel-Hamid5

1PhD student at Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

2* Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

3Pharmacognosy Department, NRC, Giza, Egypt

4Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

5Therapeutic Chemistry Department, NRC, Giza, Egypt

Abstract

Background: Natural venoms have biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects.  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a worldwide problem and difficult to treat by chemotherapeutic agents especially sorafenib (SOR), as it evokes many harsh side effects and is disable to differentiate between normal and cancer cells. Objective: The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that combining crude venoms of the snake or the bee or the scorpion could synergistically enhance the antiproliferative effects of SOR in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). Experimental design: Separate crude venoms have been applied to HepG2 cells and normal human retinal cells(RBE1) for estimation of IC50. The most effective venom has been combined with sorafenib in five nonconstant ratios and the combination index (CI) was estimated to expose their synergistic or antagonistic action. The best combination was used for downstream analysis. Results: The crude snake venom exhibited the most cytotoxic effect and the least IC50. It has been combined with sorafenib, and the combination index (CI) was calculated. IC25 SV + IC10 SOR was the best combination with CI=0.209 indicating high synergistic cytotoxic activity against HepG2. The underlining molecular mechanisms of action, in terms of the expression level of apoptotic genes (p53, Bax, Caspase 3, and Bcl2), flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle, oxidative stress markers as well as the activity of some limiting enzymes in the glycolytic pathway (ALDOB, PK and LDH) have been investigated.

Conclusion: Our results suggest a novel synergistic, and anti-proliferative effect of snake venom with sorafenib on HepG2 cells.

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Vol.9 No.1 – 1: Study of the protective role of polyphenol antioxidants from extracted Damiana (Turnera diffusa Willd) against chlorpyrifos pesticide-induced toxicity in male rats

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By: Samer Ali Hasan1,*, Hind Bahjat Mohammed Aldik2, Farah Dheyaa Ahmed Haddad3

1 Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, College of Pharmacy, Kufa University, Najaf, Iraq

2 General Directorate of Education Baghdad Rusafa first, Iraq

3 General Directorate of Education Baghdad Karkh first, Iraq

Abstract:

Pesticides have been associated with oxidative stress and enhanced reactive oxygen species generation (chlorpyrifos). This study aimed to determine whether extracted damiana (Turnera diffusa Willd) may effectively prevent chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in male rats. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) plasma levels have been measured in chlorpyrifos-intoxicated animals to quantitatively evaluate lipid peroxidation, and these measurements have shown a marked increase in the plasma levels of these animals. However, rats given damiana alone experienced a decrease in lipid peroxidation and an increase in the majority of the measured parameters. Furthermore, damiana pretreatment of chlorpyrifos-intoxicated rats significantly decreased (lipid peroxidation) in comparison to the control group. While plasma total protein (TP), albumin (A), urea, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, antioxidant enzymes activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), as well as glutathione content (GSH), fell significantly. The plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), and triglycerides (TG) examined were considerably more significant in the rats exposed to chlorpyrifos than in the control group, although the level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) was lower. So according to our findings, chlorpyrifos pesticide caused renal and hepatic disorders via oxidative stress causing biochemical alterations. Otherwise, damiana showed a possible protective effect against chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity which may be attributed to the antioxidant properties of its polyphenolic compounds and its capacity to scavenge active free radicals.

Study-of-the-protective-role-of-polyphenol-antioxidants-from-extracted-Damiana-Turnera-diffusa-Willd-against-chlorpyrifos-pesticide-induced-toxicity-in-male-rats

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Vol.7 No.4 – 1: Antioxidant effect of vitamin E on diphenylamine-induced hepato-renal oxidative stress and structural changes in rat fetuses

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By: Hend Tarek El-Borm

Zoology Department-Faculty of Science-Menoufia University, Egypt

Abstract

To date, studies on the effects of prenatal exposure to diphenylamine on developing fetuses are sparse. Therefore, further investigation is required to determine the potential prenatal hazard of this compound and to introduce possible treatment for these hazards. This study aimed to assess the biochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural changes induced by diphenylamine in the developing liver and kidney of rat fetuses and the role of vitamin E in alleviating these changes. Fifty pregnant rats were divided equally into five groups, the group I was administrated distilled water, group II was administrated corn oil, group III was administrated 100 mg/kg/b.wt. vitamin E, group IV was administrated approximately 400 mg/kg/b.wt diphenylamine and group V was administrated diphenylamine + vitamin E at the above-mentioned doses from the 6th to 15th day of pregnancy. Diphenylamine induced undesirable histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the fetal liver and kidney. These changes were in the form of vacuolation, congestions of central veins, hemorrhage, leucocytic infiltration, degenerated cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, and swollen mitochondria and rER of hepatocytes. While the degenerative changes in the kidney were represented by degenerated brush border, lumen dilation, tubular hyalinization, vacuolation, degenerated nuclei, and mitochondria. Also, there was a significant decrease in the antioxidant enzymes i.e., superoxide dismutase and catalase, and a significant increase in reactive oxygen radicals and malondialdehyde. Treatment with vitamins E after diphenylamine restored all biochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural damage cited above. In conclusion, vitamin E has antioxidant effects which could be able to antagonize diphenylamine prenatal toxicity.

Antioxidant-effect-of-vitamin-E-on-diphenylamine-induced-hepato-renal-oxidative-stress-and-structural-changes-in-rat-fetuses-converted

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Vol.5 No.4 – 9: Characterization and anti-inflammatory activity effect of exopolysaccharide from Bacillus axarquiensison paw rats carrageenan model

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By: Ghada S. Ibrahim*1,2, Manal G. Mahmoud1, Mohamed E. EL Awady1 Mahgoub M Ahmed3and Samah A Fathy3

1Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.

2Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

3Molecular Drug Evaluation Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt

Abstract

The exopolysaccharide (EPS) was produced by a halophilic bacterial strain isolated from marine sediments, Porto-Elsokhna Beach, Egypt. This isolate has been defined morphologically and physiologically and has been recognized by 16S rDNA as Bacillus axarquiensis NRC G6. This strain was deposited in the Gene Bank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov) under the accession number of KU945823. The EPS produced was fractionated by precipitation and listed the primary fraction as EPSBa3. Through FT-IR and HPLC, further work attempted to elucidate the structural function of EPSBa3. The findings showed that EPSBa3 was an acidic EPS composed of glucuronic: mannose: galacturonic: glucose and xylose, respectively, in a molar ratio of 1:1:3:3:3.  The proportion of uronic acid and sulfate was 13.9% and 7% respectively. The estimated median molecular weight (Mw) and molecular number (Mn) were 1.499 X106 and 1.29 X 106g / mol. In rats, the anti-inflammatory activity of exopolysaccharide (EPSBa3) was also explored using paw edema induced by carrageenan. EPSBa3 caused important anti-inflammatory effects on the carrageenan model by 50 mg/kg orally. In catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes and GSH content, the EPSBa3 enhanced declines. In addition, the content of nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from carrageenan-induced edema were considerably reduced following therapy with EPSBa3. In addition, the findings showed that interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein expression was decreased after EPSBa3 treatment leading to alleviate paw edema. These findings stated that to avoid inflammatory diseases, EPSBa3 could be utilized as a source of natural products.

Characterization and anti-inflammatory activity effect of exopolysaccharide from Bacillus axarquiensison paw rats carrageenan model-converted

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Vol.5 No.1 – 9 : Oxidative stress and DNA damage in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as biomarkers of aquatic pollution

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By: EL-Hassan Mokhamer, Eman H. Radwan and Moataz Elsaka

Zoologlogy Department, Faculty of science, Damanhour university,Egypt

 (Email: elhassan.gaber@sci.dmu.edu.eg)

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cd) aquatic pollution of EL-Mahmoudeyia canal on the antioxidant enzymatic activities, GSH content and lipid peroxidation levels (MDA) in Oreochromis. niloticus muscles tissues collected from two areas EL-Mahmoudeyia canal as Polluted area and  Rosetta branch of river Nile as reference area in summer 2018 and winter 2019 as well as DNA damage was assessed in fish gills(erythrocytes) samples by applying comet assay. EL-Mahmoudeyia canal exposed to excessive of industrial effluents which impact the living organisms especially fish. The herein results showed that higher concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cd) were detected in water and fish samples collected from the polluted area in comparison with the reference area, especially in winter.  The accumulation patterns of heavy metals in muscles of O. niloticus, were in the following order: Fe > Zn >Pb> Cu and Cd.The antioxidant enzymatic activities of (SOD, CAT, GPx and GST) and the lipid peroxidation biomarker MDA levels in muscles of O. niloticus collected from the polluted area were found to be significantly increased compared to that of the reference area.Meanwhile, there was a significant decrease in the GSH content levelin muscles of O. niloticus collected from the polluted area compared to that of the reference area. A significant elevation in DNA damage frequencies was observed in fish collected from the polluted areas compared with those from the reference area.These noticeable alterations in the selected antioxidant enzymatic activities in muscles of the O. niloticus go in parallel with the remarkable elevation in the levels of the detected heavy metals in water from EL Mahmoudeyia canal, as a result of pollution in these areas. This study explored the utility of the DNA damage, the altered antioxidant enzymatic activities, GSH content and MDA level as biomarkers of aquatic pollution.

 

Oxidative-stress-and-DNA-damage-in-Nile-Tilapia-Oreochromis-niloticus-as-biomark

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Vol.4 No.3 – 6 : The protective effects and ameliorative potency of the haemolymph from the Saudi scorpion Androctonus crassicauda against the oxidative stress induced by its crude venom: A pharmacological study

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By : Nagwa N. Azzam

Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Tehamah (Girls Section), king Khaled University, KSA

 

Abstract

Background: Envenomation from dangerous scorpions remains a horrible threat in many parts of the globe, especially the developed countries, reflecting a reliable cause of a lot of mortalities and morbidities for both children and adolescents; as the annual number of scorpion stings exceeds 1,200,000 resulting in approximately 3250 deaths. In Saudi Arabia, scorpionism constitutes an acute major medical problem with about 15, 000 average stung, yearly. Saudi government has given high priority to the development of health care services to monitor scorpionism carefully, to manage its treatment protocols successfully, and to explain the pathophysiological effects of the venom. A wide variety to treat scorpionism was used, either singly or in combination. Mostly, treatment modalities include antivenom immunoglobulin (SAV) and chemical antidotes, with varying degrees of effectiveness and side effects, though the cons and the so expensive wholesale cost associated with SAV treatment. We are in bad need and warranty challenged to obtain safer, more effective and not economically burdensome bioactive antivenins. Fourteen medically important scorpion species belonging to Buthidae have been identified in KSA. Although Androctonus crassicauda (A. c.) is an endemic and highly venomous scorpion in KSA, few studies were dealing with it. Objective: To evaluate the possible involvement of cellular oxidative reactions of the crude venom of the Saudi scorpion A. c., as the main cause of multiple organ dysfunctions, and how far scorpion haemolymph (SH) could be effective to protect and / or  treat the envenomation-associated metabolic disorders. Materials and methods: Twenty four adult male albino mice (25-32 g) were randomly divided into four groups; six in each. The controls; injected subcutaneously (SC) with 0.01 ml NaCl 0.9%/ kg BW, envenomed animals; receiving a single dose of crude venom of the Saudi scorpion A. c. (0.12 mg/kg BW; SC) and tested two hours post-injection, envenomed animals treated within 5 min. with a SC dose of 0.12 mg of SH / kg BW, and envenomed animals treated with the same dose and route with SH, two hours prior to scorpionism. Animals were dissected and different biochemical parameters and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in serum, liver and brain tissues. Results: Scorpion envenomation was accompanied with oxidative damage and hyperglycemia; which is causative for generation of additional reactive oxygen species, and its subsequent metabolic disorders. Also, SH was predicted to significantly protect from and reverse all the cytotoxic manifestations following envenomation. Conclusion: The cytotoxic effects of crude venom of the Saudi scorpion A. crassicauda could be attributed to generation of reactive oxygen species causing oxidative damage. The scorpion haemolymph can be used as a bioactive therapeutic agent to protect and treat the dysfunctions subsequent to envenomation, as it may contain novel molecule (s) to do this.

The protective effects and ameliorative potency of the haemolymph from the Saudi scorpion Androctonus crassicauda against the oxidative stress induced by its crude venom

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Vol.4 No.3 – 4 : Marine pollution by some heavy metals and physiological response of Ruditapes decussatus

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By : G.M El Khodary, E.H Radwan, M.M El Ghazaly and D. El Bahnasawy

Damanhour University, Faculty of Science, Zoology department, Egypt

 

Abstract

Bivalves can accumulate toxicants such as heavy metals in their tissues, for this reason they are considered as a good bio-indicators for water quality. The risk is increased due to eating these clams raw or lightly cooked. The aim of this study is to determine the concentration of some selected metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, and Pb) in the soft tissue of Ruditapes decussatus collected in the summer of 2017, from three locations at Alexandrian coasts, Egypt, Abo Quir, (loc.#1), Sedi Beshr (loc.#2) and (loc.#3), El-Max)  and to find out whether pollution alters the clam physiological functions or not. The present data showed that the highest mean value of salinity was reported in water samples collected from Abo Quir (loc.#1) and the highest level of dissolved oxygen was reported in water samples collected from Sedi Beshr (loc.#2). The present results showed that the studied heavy metals concentrations are highly significant in samples of water and soft tissue of Ruditapes decussatus collocated from Abo Quir bay. From the above cited results it is concluded that loc.#1(Abo Quir bay) represent the most polluted site in the present study. Statistical analysis showed significant increase of MDA and significant decrease of SOD and GPx in the soft tissue of Ruditapes decussatus collected from Abo-Quir Bay (loc.#1). There was high significant difference between tissue of clams collected from the three locations (p<0.001). The correlation coefficient of  physicochemical parameters, heavy metals in tissue, heavy metals in water  and oxidative stress biomarkers in Abo Quir Bay  (loc.#1) showed that; MDA mean activity concentration is positively correlated   with the mean activity level of  SOD at r = 0.844,  p = 0.035. The correlation coefficient between the five investigated heavy metals  Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb & Cd and oxidative stress bio-makers for the clam showed that in Abo Quir Bay (loc.#1), GPx is negatively correlated with Zn in tissue at r = -0.846 and p=0.034. On the other hand the Pb in tissue is positively correlated with mean Zn concentration in tissue at r = 0.878, p = 0.022.

 

Marine-pollution-by-some-heavy-metals-and-physiological-response-of-Ruditapes-decussatus-converted

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Vol.4 No.1 – 2 : Moringa oleifera leaf Extract: A Potent Ameliorator of Cyclophosphamide Induced liver Toxicity in Rat Model

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By :  Ahmed Abdulzahra Habeeb

Abstract

Moringa oleifera leaf is a pharmacologically active with documented antioxidant activity. In the current study protective effect of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) was investigated in rats against cyclophosphamide (CYP) induced liver injuries. Twenty eight Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups, as follows: 1) control group – received vehicle used for MLE and CYP for 14 days; 2) MLE group – rats were administered orally at a dose 200.0 mg kg -1 b.wt. for 14 consecutive days; 3) CYP group – cyclophosphamide at a dose of 150 mg/kg was given through i.p. to rats as a single dose at day 7; 4) MLE + CYP group – MLE was given for 14 days  plus a single dose of CYP was given on hour after MLE administration. Catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), the level of lipid peroxidation thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), DNA and RNA concentration were analyzed in liver tissue. In addition, serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol and triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) values were evaluated. AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, triglycerides and total cholesterol in serum were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher in CYP group, compared to control group, while protein and albumin were decreased. Compared with the control group, significantly high levels of liver TBARS and the low antioxidant defenses, like free radical scavenging enzyme viz., catalase activity as well as GSH concentration in CYP-treated group. In rats supplemented with MLE as well as treated with CYP, hepatic specific marker enzymes were restored to normalcy which otherwise was lowered in the CYP-treated rats. In conclusion, MLE exhibited antioxidant activity by the presence of free radical quenching constituents.

vol4 No1-2 Ahmed Habib

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Vol.3 No.3 – 3: The Antioxidant defense Responses of Sea cucumber Holothuriapolii Against Rickettsia-like organism (RLOs) Infection and Heavy Metal Pollution in Alexandria coast

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By : Mohamed M. Elghazaly and Aml Z. Ghoneim

Abstract

Holothuriapolii, the common black sea cucumber (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea), is abundant in Mediterranean Sea alongAlexandria coast. This species was given the great valued commercially and for human consumption.The present study was objective to assess the biological effect of marine pollution on the sea cucumber,Holothuriapolii collected from two locations in Alexandria coast; Abo-Qir station as an industrial area compared with Miami station as a reference area, using the oxidative stress biomarkers approach, heavy metals bio-accumulation, and Rickettsia-like organism (RLOs) infection. Sea cucumber samples were collected from bothstations in Alexandria, during two seasons; winter (January) and summer (July) 2016. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to detect Zn, Mn, pb, Cu and Cd in the body wall of the animal as wellas in water samples.
The resultsshowed a significant decrease in the antioxidant parameters; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione reductase (GSH), and Glutathione transferase(GST) activities, while theMalondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly increased in the body wall tissue of sea cucumber collected from Abo-Qir station as compared with Miami station.The concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Mn, Pb, Cu and Cd) in body wall of sea cucumber and sea water samples at the two stations differed significantly, showed increasing in the industrial area (Abo-Qir station) compared with Miami station. As parasites areubiquitous in the marine pollutant environment, so thepresent study proved that the sea cucumber samples collected from Abo-Qir station were infected by Rickettsia-like organism (RLOs), found inthe digestive tract and the respiratory tree of this marine animal. The present results of pollutant biomarkers indicated that, the degree of pollution increased in summer as compared with winter season in the two locations.

This study alsosuggestedthat the sea cucumberwas anideal bioindicator animal for marine pollution. The suppression of antioxidant biomarkers inthe tissue of sea cucumber compared with high values of MDA confirmed the presence of anthropogenic contaminants in Abo-Qir station, which essentially due to the industrial rejections. Also,Rickettsia-like organism (RLOs) infection and the bio-accumulation of theheavy metalsin the tissues of sea cucumber obstructed the antioxidant defense responses in the animal.

The Antioxidant defense Responses of Sea cucumber Holothuria polii Against Rickettsia-like organism (RLOs) Infection and Heavy Metal Pollution in Alexandria coast-converted

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