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Vol.9 No.4-1:Integrating Morphological and Molecular Approaches for Identifying Pediculus humanus capitis and Assessing the Resistance to Certain Pediculicides

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By: Shaymaa H Mahmoud1*, Wafaa A Shehata2 and Salwa F Oshiba 3

1 Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt

2 Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt

3 Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt

Abstract

Infestations of head lice continue to be a serious public health issue, notably in Egypt. For the implementation of efficient management measures, accurate species identification and researching their treatment approaches became crucial. So, the purpose of this research was to examine the morphological structure of Pediculus humanus capitis (P. h. capitis) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as a foundational study for further investigation into the function of sensory structures and their significance in the host choice. As well as it aimed to study the evolutionary relationships between P. h. capitis populations through the analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences, subsequently investigating the host’s pediculicide resistance. Participants from Menoufia Governorate, Egypt provided head lice sample specimens. SEM analysis provided detailed insights into the external morphology of P. h. capitis, elucidating its features. The resulting COI sequences of Egyptian lice were investigated comparing them with those in different countries.In addition, molecular assessment of topical preparations of pediculicides (malathion, permethrin, phenothrin, and ivermectin) and garlic oil was performed after one and three weeks of treatment of the lice-infested individuals. Acetylcholine esterase (AChE), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) gene expression were used to evaluate the efficacy of anti-lice preparations. The results of this study revealed that SEM of P. h. capitis indicated morphological features that could help in further studying the functions of sensory structures. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Egyptian samples clustered together with head lice populations from Asia and Africa.  Also, it was noticed that increased transcriptional levels of CYP450, AChE, and GST genes in malathion, permethrin, and phenothrin-treated groups suggested some level of resistance to these agents. While ivermectin and garlic oil were recommended at the same time as efficient substitutes. In conclusion, the COI gene sequences of P. h. capitis in Egypt are phylogenetically related to other countries. Additionally, molecular analysis revealed that several of the regularly used pediculicides result in resistance in the infested individuals.

Integrating-Morphological-and-Molecular-Approaches-for-Identifying-Pediculus-humanus-capitis-and-Assessing-the-Resistance-to-Certain-Pediculicides

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Vol.2 No.07 -2 : Effect of feeding Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) on Mulberry treated with Bio and Inorganic Fertilizer on Antennal Sensilla.

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By : Gaaboub, I*. A.; Amira M. El-Shewy * and Magda A, Salem**

Abstract

The present work was directed to study the effect of bio and inorganic fertilizer treatments on the ultra structure antennae of female and male silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), as a trail to understand the effect of the type of fertilization on mulberry trees and silkworm antennal sensilla. The sensory organs on the antennae were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the surface of the antenna is covered with scales overlapped together and is provided with sense sensilla that found on the ventral and lateral surface of the antenna. On the silkmoth antennae, six different types of sensilla have been identified: Olfactory sensilla trichodea, s. basiconica, s. coeloconica, putative gustatory s. chaetica that are multimodal receptors, s. styloconica, that are thought to be thermo- and hygroreceptors and the mechano-sensory sensilla (squamiformia). Silkworm (B. mori) is a monophagous insect that drives almost all required nutrients for its growth and development from mulberry leaf. Mulberry trees were treated with bio fertilizes, chemical fertilizers and the mixture of them through the addition in soil. The results of chemical fertilizer, bio-fertilizer and its mixture increased the growth, development, health, feed consumption and larval weight, total larval duration and this reflected on the number and length of sensilla. Chemical fertilizer, bio-fertilizer and its mixture increased the size of sensilla than control. Moreover, application by bio-fertilizer resulted in better values larval weight, total larval duration and the size of sensilla. Both chemical and bio fertilizes exhibited better values for pupal weight which reflect on the size of sensilla.

2_Effect_of_feeding_Silkworm_(Bombyx_mori_L)_on_Mulberry_treated_with_Bio_and_Inorganic_Fertilizer_on_Antennal_Sensilla
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Vol.2 No.2 -6 : In vitro Effect of LC90 of albendazole and Allium sativum water extract on the fine structure of Capillaria sp. (Capillaridae Nematoda).

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By : Amal I. Khalil*, Gamalat Y. Osman *** Omaimah A. M. Maghrabi**,Nahla A. Radwan *, Alyaa M. Abo Msalam ***

Abstract

Fish parasites are of economic and health importance where they cause serious problems in commercial fish farms and it can be transferred to human and animals. Capillaria species are nematodes of serious fish diseases which may be transferred to human.The present study was conducted to detect the in vitro effect of sublethal concentration (LC90) of albendazole( ABZ ) and Allium sativum (garlic) cloves water extract on ultra structure of Capillaria sp. collected from fresh water catfishes, Bagrus docmac and B. bayad using SEM and TEM. The morality rates of the adult Capillaria sp. in vitro exposed to different concentrations of albendazole and Allium sativum water extract was recorded after 24 hours exposure time. A. sativum water extract had higher effect than albendazole where lower concentration of A. sativum extract (18 x103 ppm) gave maximum mortality rate (100%) , 24 hours post exposure. SEM studies of the cuticle of adult Capillaria sp. in vitro treated with LC90 (17.161 x103 ppm) of A. sativum water extract for 24 hours revealed that it induced severe changes in the cuticle integrity more than those treated with concentration LC90 (5.543 x 106 ppm) of albendazole. TEM studies revealed deformation of the cuticle, hypodermis, muscles and digestive system in worms treated with LC90 (17.161 x103 ppm) of Allium sativum water extract.

6. In vitro Effect of LC90 of albendazole and Allium sativum water extract on the fine structure of Capillaria sp. (Capillaridae Nematoda).
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