Safinaz I Khalil¹; Hiba Elzaki²; Mohammed EA Elameen²

¹Department of Pharmacology, Alfajr College of sciences and Technology, Sudan

²Department of Community Medicine, Alfajr College of Sciences and Technology POBox 234 Alfajr College of Sciences and Technology, Sudan

Abstract

Introduction: Team-Based Learning establishes as a potential ramification educational strategy that ensures student’s high performance. TBL guarantees active learning and critical thinking this impacts student’s competency and improves their future achievements.  This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of TBL as a powerful educational strategy that fosters them for Problem based learning Curriculum. Methodology: Study Design: Descriptive prospective study.  Study Area: College A and College B, Pharmacology course, Medicine, Khartoum, Sudan. Study duration from July 2019 –January 2020. Study Population Medical students in College A and College B in an introductory Pharmacology Course. Sample size: All students in the second year, college of Medicine attending the Pharmacology course will be included in college A and all students in the third year, college of Medicine attending the Pharmacology course included in college B. Methods: Purposeful convenient sampling method all second-year medical students who attended the introductory Pharmacology course in College A and all students in the third year who attended Pharmacology course in College B  taught by the same Pharmacology Staff facilitator and received the same final exam questions. College A, students were taught in integrated course student-centered, team-based learning where they have a traditional lecture hall strategy. They are examined using best of four as a tool for assessment  College B, students were taught in a traditional lecture hall method, teacher-centered. They are examined using the best of four as a tool for assessment. Final results were collected from each group in College A and college B and compared. Results: showed that the mean ranks for the subclasses of the final examination performance that there was a significant result 0.001 obtained in college A students and college B students grade F with a mean rank of 7.08 and 16.22 respectively. For students who had grade C also this is a significant result of 0.019 where students in college A mean rank was 25.89 and 38.46 respectively. For students who had grade A again, there is a significant result of 0.004 where a student in college A mean rank was 61 in comparison to students in college B where the student’s mean rank was 43.88. In the other subclasses C+, B, and B+ there were no significant differences 0.952, 0.419, and 0.837 respectively. Conclusion: TBL improved the outcome of the students at the exam in the extremes of marks those with category mark C and those in category mark A.

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L. M karzakova¹; N. V Zhuravleva²; A. Y Abdelgafur²; S I Kudryashov²; A. M Nawar²

¹Doctor of Medical Sciences, Head of the department of internal diseases, Chuvash state university; 15, Moscow avenue, Cheboksary, 428015, Russian Federation

²Chuvash State University named after I. N. Ulyanov “Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, 428015, Cheboksary, Russia

Abstract

The low effectiveness of the existing ways of treatment of glomerulonephritis (GN) requires the development of new treatment methods and profound studying of mechanisms of development of (GN). A review of modern literature data indicates a relationship between the development of (GN) with infection and activation of various components of the immune response. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns of infectious pathogens act as “danger signals” that activate Toll-like receptors of innate immune cells, as a result, a cascade of intracellular chain reactions is triggered, causing the production of growth factors and cytokines. The cytokine environment determines the pathway of differentiation of (CD 4⁺) helper cells into (Th1), (Th2), (Th17), and regulatory T cells (T _reg). According to published data, a key link in the (GN) immunopathogenesis is an imbalance in the ratio of the activity of subpopulations of T helper cells, manifesting inhibition activity of (T _reg) on a background of activation of effector cells ( T _eff ) – (Th1), (Th2), (Th17). The activity of (Th1), (Th17)-cells are realized in the cellular mechanisms of the immunopathogenesis of (GN), while  (Th2)-cells provide activation of the humoral component of adaptive immunity and the production of antibodies involved in the formation of immune complexes (ICs). This is a general scheme of the immunopathogenesis of (GN), which has specific variations depending on the clinical and morphological form of (GN). In post-infectious (GN), the activation of the humoral link of adaptive immunity with the formation of (ICs) and their subsequent deposition in the capillaries of the glomeruli comes to the fore. A feature of the immune complex process in patients with (IgA) nephropathy is the formation of “nephritogenic” ICs containing abnormal (IgA) (with impaired glycosylation of the IgA molecule) and anti-glycan antibodies. (ICs) isolated from patients with membranous nephropathy contain the podocyte receptor of phospholipase A2 (PLA 2 R) and anti- (PLA 2 R) autoantibodies belonging to (IgG 4). The central link in the immunopathogenesis of minimal changes in nephropathy is the development of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction. The prevalence of activation of the cellular mechanism of adaptive immunity acts as the main mechanism for the development of focal segmental nephrosclerosis.

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