Vol.6 No.4 – 3: A Theory of Biodiversity and Gene Evolution

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By: Sobhy E. Hassab El-Nabi

Zoology Department – Faculty of Science Menufia University- Egypt

Abstract

The statement of theory: {Evolution of organisms and biodiversity depends mainly on gene evolution through the appearance of novel genes. Biodiversity results from the DNA modifications induced by visible and non-visible environmental effects, the variation of gene expression, stresses, mutation, and invasion of genetic materials. Each individual belongs to the same species of living organisms has its own identity of DNA fingerprint}. The principles of theory: Gene evolution depends mainly on gene duplication, a variety of environmental conditions, mutation, transposable elements, horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Also, de nove genes originated from non-coding DNA which mainly comes from retroviruses, exosome, micro-RNA, and invader nucleic acids from viruses, bacteria, or any parasite. Similarity and variations are the principles of life. In the same species, the similarity is produced from coding DNA while, individual variations arise from non-coding DNA. Aim and applications of theory: The main prediction of this theory is not only each individual of human beings have his unique DNA fingerprint, but also any individual in the same species has also a unique identity in DNA fingerprint. Any living organism acquires genetic materials through their intimate contacts with other organisms and environmental DNA. If the acquired genetic material reaches germ cells, it could transfer to the next generation giving new traits. Viruses are considered the main source of genetic transformation in all living organisms. The genomic materials of some viruses could integrate inside the human genome like hepatitis B and HIV. The human genome has about 5 % viral genetic material, especially from retroviruses. This theory could explain the appearance of new individuals according to the transfer of genetic materials during intimate contact between different species and support many researchers who discovered new species. Also, this theory may explain and will answer different questions; why husband and wife after some time, nearly acquire some similarities? Why people in the same geographical area nearly have a similar pattern? Why don’t siblings match their DNA fingerprint? Also, it explains the host-parasite relationship depending upon the transfer of DNA and RNA in between.

A-Theory-of-Biodiversity-and-Gene-Evolution-converted.

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Vol.6 No.4 – 2: Protective effect of omega-3 on Doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats

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By: 1Farozia I. Moussa, 1Horeya S. Abd El-Gawad, 1Salwa S. Mahmoud, 2Faiza A. Mahboub, and 1Saliha G.Abdelseyd

1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt

2Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an antineoplastic anthracycline used to treat various forms of cancer. Although DOX is an effective chemotherapeutic agent, it has been documented to cause oxidative damage in several body organs. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of omega-3 against doxorubicin-induced hepatic toxicity in adult male rats. Animals were divided into four groups. The first group was orally administered with 0.5ml corn oil and served as a control group. The second group was treated with omega-3 fatty acid (400mg/kg b.w) daily for 30 days. The third group was injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of DOX (30mg/kg b.w). Animals in the fourth group were treated with omega-3 at the same dose level as those of group 2 followed by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of DOX as in the third group. Injecting animals with DOX induces various histological changes in the liver. These changes include congestion and dilatation of blood vessels, leucocytic infiltration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, degenerated hepatocytes, and pyknotic nuclei. Moreover, DOX caused a significant elevation in serum ALT, AST, LDH, lipid profile, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, and globulin after 4 weeks of treatment. It also caused an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and depletion of the antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione reduced (GSH). Treating animals with omega 3 fatty acids in combination with DOX led to an improvement in the histological and biochemical changes induced by DOX together with a significant decrease in the level of MDA and an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The results of the present work indicated that omega-3 fatty acid had a protective effect against liver damage induced by Doxorubicin and this is due to its antioxidant activities.

Protective-effect-of-omega-3-on-Doxorubicin-induced-hepatotoxicity-converted

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Vol.6 No.4 – 1: Evaluation of the cardioprotective effect of l-carnitine and silymarin in cancer patients receiving anthracycline-containing chemotherapy

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By: Zeinab Al kasaby  Zalat* 1, Hosny A. Elewa2,Mohamed Abdel-Latif3 , Mohamed A. Alm El-Din4, Neeven A. Kohaf 5

  1. Assoc. Professor and Head of Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. (Pharm.D., Ph.D.) (zeinabalkasaby.pharmg@azhar.edu.eg)
  2. Assoc. professor and Head of Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, Dominate City, Egypt. (Pharm.D, Ph.D.)
  3. Professor and Head of Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. (Ph.D.)
  4. Assoc. Professor, Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt. (MD)
  5. Master degree in pharmaceutical sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. (M.Sc.)

Abstract

Aim: Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is the most common constraint of its use in the treatment of various types of cancer. This study aimed to investigate the benefits of the addition of the l-carnitine / silymarin to anthracycline chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Methods: 83 patients were recruited from Clinical Oncology Department, Tanta University, Egypt, then prospectively randomized to receive their anthracycline-containing therapeutic regimen, control group (n=33), or anthracycline plus l-carnitine, l-carnitine group (n=25), or anthracycline plus silymarin, silymarin group (n= 25). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and after 6 months to measure LDH, CK-MB, cTn I, Anticardiolipin IgG, Fe, ferritin, and TIBC and % of saturation. % EF was documented. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and paired t-test. P <0.05 was statistically significant. Results: The addition of l-carnitine to anthracycline chemotherapy has a significantly improved EF% (P=0.003), Anticardiolipin IgG (P=0.001), ferritin (P=0.001), and TIBC (P=0.011). The supplementation with silymarin to anthracycline chemotherapy had a statistically significant decrease in Anticardiolipin IgG (P=0.000), iron (P=0.001), ferritin (P= 0.001), TIBC (P=0.007), and % saturation (P=0.001). Silymarin group showed a significant decrease in iron profile compared to the l-carnitine group. Conclusion: The co-administration of l-carnitine or silymarin with anthracycline chemotherapy represents a new therapeutic strategy for better control of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Silymarin resulted in more beneficial effects on the iron profile compared to l-carnitine with anthracycline or anthracycline chemotherapy alone.

Evaluation-of-the-cardioprotective-effect-of-l-carnitine-and-silymarin-in-cancer-patients-receiving-anthracycline-containing-chemotherapy-converted

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Vol.6 No.3 – 8: Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation and chemical Composition of Gum Isolated from Fenugreek Seeds

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By: Bushra B. G. Al-Shamari, Rawdhah M. A. Al-Ali, and Ali A. S. Al-Sahi

Department of Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq

Abstract

The present study aimed to extract the gum from fenugreek seed and studying the chemical composition, the preliminary phytochemical, and the flow properties. The extraction was conducted under different conditions (temperature, soaking period, and mixing ratios of seeds: water).  The highest yield was of the fenugreek gum was 30.44% around 1:25w/v at 40 Cº for 4 h.  Preliminary qualitative chemical test for gum shows the presence of carbohydrate, protein, amino acids, fixed oil, fats, and Ruthenium red while Arabic gum and Acacia showed that carbohydrates were only found, the fenugreek gum had 9.4 % moisture, 2.3 % ash, 2.49% protein and 0.9% fat. The total polysaccharide content of isolated gum was determined spectrophotometrically using the phenol–sulphuric acid method. The total polysaccharide content was 84.75%. Arabic gum and Acacia had 5.44, 5.56 % moisture, 3.74, 2.975% Ash, 0.0% protein, 0.0% fat and 90.80, 91.25% carbohydrates. The gum showed good flow properties it has good viscosity of 72.40 CP compared to the Arabic gum  and Acacia 9.1, 9.61 CP higher concentration of NaCl and CaCl caused a larger decrease in viscosity, increasing or decreasing the pH and temperature led to the decrease of viscosity, and micrometric properties such bulk density, tapped density, Hausner’s ratio, Carr’s index, particle size and Angle of repose Bulk density was found to be 0.37 g/ml, tapped density was 0.58 g/ml, Carr’s index  was 36.20%, Hausner’s ratio 1.56 and Angle of repose was found to be 34.02.

Preliminary-phytochemical-Evaluation-and-chemical-composition-of-gum-converted

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Vol.6 No.3 – 7: Estimation of combining ability and it’s variances in the cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

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By: Jassim M. Aziz aljubori, and Omar A. Ahmed Al-tamemi

Department of field Grop, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq

Abstract

Ten of the genotypes of bread wheat ( Abu-Graib(1), Kawz (2), Osais (3), Site mall(4), Florka (5), Kalak (6), Millan (7), Hithab (8), Ibaa 99 (9) and Sham 6 (10) were used in this study with its half-diallel crosses, all of them were planted to be (10 parents + 45 crosses) in Dialla Governorate – Blad ruz province in the ( 2017-2018) season. (RCBD) Randomized Complete Block Design was used with three replicates to study the Combining Ability for the traits: number of the days to spike formation stage, plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), number of the grains in the spike, number of the spikes/plant, the weight of 1000 grains (g) and single plant yield (g). Analysis of variance table showed significant difference of all parents and first filial crosses in the all studied traits at (1%) level of probability and the ratio between general combining ability to specific combining ability was less than one in the traits: number of the days to spike forming, plant height, leaf area and number of the spike (m2), while in the grain number of the spike, weight of 1000 grains and single plant yield was more than one to refer to the role of the Dominance action of the genes. The parent (Florka) showed a general combining ability for plant height, a number of the grains, and the grains yield, while the crosses (Abo-Graib X Heithab ) and (Kawz X Site mall ) showed significant differences to specific combining ability to the desired direction for more number of the traits included grain yield.

Estimation-of-combining-ability-and-it’s-variances-in-the-cultivars-of-bread-wheat-converted-1

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Vol.6 No.3 – 6: Study of the effect of sunlight on the chemical composition of Milk

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By: Qaswaa Y. Jameel

Food science Department, colleges of Agricultural and Forestry – Mosul University, Iraq

Abstract

Light-induced degradation reactions make a serious problem for the milk because of the development of flavors and a decrease in nutritional quality, materials of Packaging are important to avoid this particular degradation of milk. In this study, were divided milk into two groups (light exposed ) + (light protected (foil overwrap)) under the same cooling conditions at 3°C for 15 days, those expectant during the show in stores of retail and markets. And the effect of this on the chemical composition of milk, the results of my study then showed that the appropriate blocking light with an overwrap of foil helped inhibit lipid and protein Lipolysis compared with the samples exposed to light under the same cooling conditions. Therefore, the appropriate Blocking of visible light with foil overwrap can increase milk’s shelf life.

Study-effect-of-Sunlight-on-the-chemical-composition-of-Milk-converted

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Vol.6 No.3 – 5: Standpoints on immune responses against COVID-19

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By: Mabrouk A. Abo-Zaid1, Ahmed H. Ismail1, Ali H Amin2, 3

1: Biology department, faculty of science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

2: Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia;

3: Zoology Department, faculty of science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt;

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemic disease has firstly occurred in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Then the infection spread globally. Many researchers now suggest the strong similarities of COVID-19 with the previous pathogenic human beta coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. But there is limited knowledge about the immune response to COVID-19. So on the basis of the immune response of these viruses, we will try to predict how the immune system can deal with this infection. In this review, we focus on human coronavirus types and discuss current knowledge of immune response against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV immune response, which may be helpful in offering the perspectives on immune responses against COVID-19.

Standpoints-on-immune-responses-against-COVID-19-converted

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Vol.6 No.3 – 4: Factors Contributing to Perinatal Mortality in a Sample of Hospitals in the Health Directorate of Baghdad Al-Karkh in April 2018 – August 2019

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By: Fawzi H. Atshan1, Ibtesam F. Hassan1, Munir T. Salman1, and Basim M. jwad2

1 DR.Fawzi Hashim Atshan; Public Health Department / Baghdad Health Directorate – Al-Karkh

1DR.Ibtesam Farage Hassan; Public Health Department / Baghdad Health Directorate – Al-Karkh

1DR.Munir Talib Salman; Public Health Department / Baghdad Health Directorate – Al-Karkh

2Dr. Basim M. Jwad; Department of pathology and poultry diseases, Collages of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract

The Perinatal mortality rate is an important index of community health condition and quality of health service provided to the mother and their fetus during the 28 weeks of gestation till, after delivery, there are many factors that threaten their life. This study aimed to determine the perinatal mortality rate in Baghdad AL Karkh health directorate and to identify the contributing factors and main causes of perinatal mortality. A study based on a record review of the perinatal mortality in three hospitals in Baghdad Al-karkh for one year starting from 1st April 2018 and at the end in March 2019. The total deliveries were 27,096, while the total deaths were 1217 deaths during the perinatal period the perinatal mortality rate was 45 /1000, 67% of them with newborn death, 57% of fetal gender was male, 64 % of perinatal deaths were delivered by cesarean section, the most common maternal contributing factors is the complication of labor and delivery was 24% while the fetal causes are Respiratory and cardiovascular disorders specific to the perinatal period was 56%, the study revealed a significant relation or association between gestational age, mode of delivery, place of delivery, a product of delivery and age of the baby when dead and in another side this study revealed a no association between the mother’s age, the gender of the baby and the weight of the baby. The main causes of perinatal mortality deaths occur during the first 2 days and maybe modifiable with simple targeted perinatal policies with, quality improvement of the health care providing in labor rooms and neonatal care units.

Factors Contributing to Perinatal Mortality in a Sample of Hospitals in the Health Directorate of Baghdad Al-Karkh in April 2018 – August 2019.

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Vol.6 No.3 – 3: Effect of Moringa oleifera leaves extract against electromagnetic field impairments on hemoglobin and testes of rat

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By: Aida, A.A *; Aziza A. Elsaeid * Shoman, H.M.** and Ola Mohamed Awad *

* Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

** Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

The present study has revealed the effect of Moringa oleifera leaves extract against electromagnetic field induced impairments. Forty-two adult white Albino male rats, weighting 150-180 g were involved in this study and divided into six equal groups. The first group was the control while the second group was daily supplemented with 200 mg/kg Moringa oleifera leaves extract orally for six days. The third group was exposed to an electromagnetic field of 1.5 mT, 50 Hz for 9 hours. The other three groups were exposed to an electromagnetic field of 1.5 mT, 50 Hz for 9 hours, and received the Moringa oleifera leaves extract in different supplemented ways. Blood samples were collected for the absorption spectrum of hemoglobin molecules analysis and serum total testosterone was studied. Samples of testes were taken for histopathological observations. The results showed that exposure of the animals to the electromagnetic field resulted in changing the absorption spectrum of hemoglobin, a highly significant reduction in testosterone level, and degenerative changes in testes. All these induced changes were decreased in groups treated by Moringa oleifera leaves extract in all ways. So through this study, one can conclude that damages induced by exposure to the electromagnetic field can be decreased by Moringa oleifera leaves extract.

Effect of Moringa oleifera leaves extract against electromagnetic field impairments on hemoglobin and testes of rat-converted (1)

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Vol.6 No.3 – 2: Role of alpha-lipoic acid in protection from cardiovascular events in patients with hemodialysis

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By: Hosny Ahmed Elewa1, Zeinab Al-kasaby Zalat2, WalaaA.Keshk.3, Rehab Hussein Werida*4

1 Associate Professor in Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of pharmacy, Hours University, Postal Code: 34518, New Damietta, Egypt

2 Associate Professor in Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, postal code: 11651, Cairo, Egypt.

3 Associate Professor of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt

4 Clinical Pharmacy Lecturer, Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Postal Code: 31527, El-Behairah, Egypt

Abstract

Background: The leading cause of death in patients on hemodialysis (HD) is cardiovascular events (CVEs). Objective: This study aimed to assess the protective effects of alpha-lipoic acid against possible CVEs. Methods: 70 HD patients were randomly allocated into two groups, tested and control groups; in a randomized clinical study. The tested group received ALA supplementation, a daily capsule of 600 mg, whereas the control group received placebo capsules daily for 3 months. Serum levels of AGEs, Fe, hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, and total iron-binding capacity were detected in both groups before and after treatment. Results: No significant differences in age, sex, duration of dialysis, and contributing factors for dialysis were found between both groups (P>0.05). After three months of ALA intervention, AGEsserum levels were significantly reduced. On the other hand, serum levels of adiponectin, Fe, and Hb were significantly increased in the tested group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). ALA did not affect lipid profiles including triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C.

Conclusions: The use of alpha-lipoic acid in patients with HD may lead to a decrease in the chance of atherosclerosis progression, and so decrease in CVEs. We recommend that alpha-lipoic acid should be one of the corner stores in the management of HD patients.

Role of alpha lipoic acid in protection from cardiovascular events in patients with hemodialysis-converted

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