Vol.2 No.1 -8 : Effect of metformin on histopathological and immunohistochemical changes induced by high fructose intake in liver and brain of rats.

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By : Eman Ahmed Youssef

Abstract

Fructose is widely used as a food ingredient and has the potential to increase oxidative stress and related complications. The present study was designed to evaluate the role of metformin on histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in liver and brain of rat induced by high fructose intake. Forty male albino rats were divided into 4 groups. Groups I and II served as controls. Group III received 10 % drinking fructose solution for eight weeks. Group IV was received 10 % drinking fructose solution for eight weeks and treated with metformin (320 mg/kg/day) during the last 4 weeks of the experimental period. Rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks; liver and brain were excised and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Histopathological results: Fructose drinking manifested changes in liver and brain cerebral cortex. Liver changes were manifested as inflammation, apoptosis, dilated sinusoids, fibrosis, macrosteatosis, ballooned hepatocytes and marked collagen deposition, while brain changes were degenerating neurons, steatosis, karyorrhexis, and pyknotic nuclei in nuropil and lightly stained Nissl substance with cresyl violet. Metformin treatment eliminated histopathological changes in addition to decreased collagen deposition in liver and improved Nissl substance staining in brain. Immunohistochemical results showed increased immunostaining positivity of caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS) in liver and brain in fructose group . Reduced immunoreactivity of caspase-3 and iNOS in fructose plus metformin group either in liver or brain sections. In conclusion, the results suggest that the hepatoprotective and neuroprotective role of metformin on histopathological and and immunohistochemical changes induced by fructose could be attributed to its ability to reduce oxidative stress.

8. Effect of metformin on histopathological and immunohistochemical changes induced by high fructose intake in liver and brain of rats.
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Vol.1 No.6 -1 : Laboratory evaluation of four insecticides on the mosquito Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart) (Diptera Culicidae).

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By : Salam S. Teleb and Farag A. Ahmed*

Abstract

The efficacy of four insecticides belonging to different groups, synthetic pyrethroid (lambdacyhalothrin), carbamate (Marshal) , fungicide (Topas) and insect growth regulator (Neemrich) as well as their joint action were tested against 3rd larval instar of Culiseta longiareolata. Based on concentration mortality data LC50 and LC90 values, results obtained showed that LC50 values as observed were 0.09, 2.3 , 9.0and 25.0 ppm for lambdacyhalothrin , Marshal , Neemrich and Topas, respectively. The results showed that all mixtures consisted of a 1:1 (v/v) ratio of the LC25 of each compound indicated potentiating effect .The highest potentiating effect was achieved by a mixture of co-toxicity factor equaled+100 (lambdacyhalothrin + Neemrich). The lowest potentiating effects were obtained from mixtures of Marshal + Topas and Topas+Neemrich (co-toxicity factor equaled+40) .The tested insecticides completely inhibited the emergence of adults till 0.0078,0.0625,0.25 and 1 ppm for lambdacyhalothrin , Marshal , Topas and Neemrich , respectively ,and the emergence of

1. Laboratory evaluation of four insecticides on the mosquito Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart) (Diptera Culicidae).
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Vol.1 No.6 -2 : Comparative studies on the adaptive renal structures of some teleost fish species inhabiting different habitats.

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By : Zeinab M. El–Gohary; Manal, M. Ramadan; Souad, A. Khalifa; Tasneem, R. Ebraheem

Abstract

The present study was conducted to elucidate and compare the adaptive renal structures of freshwater, Bagrus bayad, brackish water Tilapia zilli and seawater Scomber japonicus. The trunk kidneys of the selected fish species were investigated morphometrically, histologically and ultrastructurally. The recorded results showed that the nephrons of Bagrus bayad and Tilapia zilli were distributed within the renal tissue as clusters, while those of Scomber japonicus were scattered solitary within the renal tissue. Bagrus bayad displayed abundant of well vascularized large glomeruli along with thin filtration barrier and numerous wide filtration slits as well as numerous mitochondria of both proximal and distal tubules. However, Scomber japonicus exhibited few number of small glomeruli along with abundance mesangial cells, extremely narrow filtration slits and relatively thick filtration barrier as well as unique giant mitochondria. The structural organizations of the Tilapia zilli nephrons were inter-between Bagrus bayad and Scomber japonicus. As a whole, the results of the current study showed that the kidney of the examined fish species exhibited specific adaptive renal structural features to fulfill their variable osmoregulatory demands.

2. Comparative studies on the adaptive renal structures of some teleost fish species inhabiting different habitats.
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Vol.1 No.6 -3 : Comparison between the ameliorative potentials of canagliflozin and metformin on the testicular damage in diabetic rats .

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By : Margit Semmler1, Abdel-Baset M. Aref2

Abstract

To evaluate the Renoprotective efficacy of melatonin against long term exposure induced changes of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), cell proliferation and DNA synthesis was determined in the epithelial cells of cortical and medullary renal tubules in female and male mice applying quantitative autoradiographic analysis and using 3H thymidine as a radioactive label. A total of 30 male and female adult albino mice were divided into 3 groups, each of 10 individuals: control (group C), DMBA exposed (group D) and DMBA/melatonin exposed (group D+M) mice. In female mice, long term exposure for 150 days to a single injection of DMBA (10mg/ 100g b.w.) stimulated the incorporation rate of 3H thymidine into the epithelium of cortical renal tubules by 6774% compared to control. The number of grains over labeled nuclei was reduced by 57.1%. Daily injected with melatonin (100 g/ 100g b.w.) during the last 60 days of exposure to a single dose of DMBA attenuated cell division rate of the epithelial cells by 80% compared to group D, but remained 1275% higher than that of group C. The mean grain count over labeled nuclei was increased by 59.5% compared to group D, but remained 31.5% lower than that of control. In medullary portion of the renal tubules, DMBA induced changes were less pronounced than that in the cortical area. The cell division was stimulated by 833% compared to control and remained 8.1x lower than the percentage increase in the cortical part. The mean grain count over labeled nuclei was reduced by 40.4% compared to group C. Daily injected with melatonin (100 g/ 100g b.w.) during the last 60 days of exposure to a single dose of DMBA reduced the mitotic cell division by 83.9% compared to group D and thereby showing a similar effect as in the cortical part of the renal tubules. Compared to group C, the 3H labeling index remained 50% higher. In the cortical portion, the comparable value was 1275% higher than that of control. The mean grain count over labeled nuclei was increased by 26.2% compared to group D and remained 24.8% lower than in group C.

3. Comparison between the ameliorative potentials of canagliflozin and metformin on the testicular damage in diabetic rats .
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Vol.1 No.6 -4 : Effects of L-carnitine and Ginkgo bilobaon cerebral cortex in experimentally-induced epileptic seizures disease in rat

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By : EhabTousson1;Mohamed F.F Bayomy2and BasiounyFouad El-sendiony٭2

Abstract

Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling is an acknowledged model for epilepsy and refers to a phenomenon in which repeated injection of this drug causes gradual seizure. The current study aimed to determine the possible protective and ameliorative effects of L-carnitine and Ginkgo bilobaleaf extracts (GLE) against PTZinduced epileptic seizures disease in rats. A total of 80 male albino rats were equally divided into eight groups; 1st group was the control; 2nd and 3rd wereGLE and L-carnitine groups, respectivel; while the 4th group was pentylenetetrazolerat groupand the 5th and 6th groups were pre GLE and L-carnitine groups respectively; the 7th and 8th groups were post GLE and Lcarnitine, respectively. PTZ leads to an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), glutamate (Glu) and to a decrease in catalase, super oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, glutathione reductase(GSH), gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) in the cerebral cortex of rats when compared to control group. Pre- and post treatment with GLE and L-carnitine were improved the biochemicalalterations in cerebral cortex that treated with PTZ.

4. . Effects of L-carnitine and Ginkgo bilobaon cerebral cortex in experimentally-induced epileptic seizures disease in rat.
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Vol.1 No.6 -5 : The renoprotective efficacy of melatonin against dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced changes after long term exposure in Mice.

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By : Margit Semmler1, Abdel-Baset M. Aref2

Abstract

To evaluate the Renoprotective efficacy of melatonin against long term exposure induced changes of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), cell proliferation and DNA synthesis was determined in the epithelial cells of cortical and medullary renal tubules in female and male mice applying quantitative autoradiographic analysis and using 3H thymidine as a radioactive label. A total of 30 male and female adult albino mice were divided into 3 groups, each of 10 individuals: control (group C), DMBA exposed (group D) and DMBA/melatonin exposed (group D+M) mice. In female mice, long term exposure for 150 days to a single injection of DMBA (10mg/ 100g b.w.) stimulated the incorporation rate of 3H thymidine into the epithelium of cortical renal tubules by 6774% compared to control. The number of grains over labeled nuclei was reduced by 57.1%. Daily injected with melatonin (100 g/ 100g b.w.) during the last 60 days of exposure to a single dose of DMBA attenuated cell division rate of the epithelial cells by 80% compared to group D, but remained 1275% higher than that of group C. The mean grain count over labeled nuclei was increased by 59.5% compared to group D, but remained 31.5% lower than that of control. In medullary portion of the renal tubules, DMBA induced changes were less pronounced than that in the cortical area. The cell division was stimulated by 833% compared to control and remained 8.1x lower than the percentage increase in the cortical part. The mean grain count over labeled nuclei was reduced by 40.4% compared to group C. Daily injected with melatonin (100 g/ 100g b.w.) during the last 60 days of exposure to a single dose of DMBA reduced the mitotic cell division by 83.9% compared to group D and thereby showing a similar effect as in the cortical part of the renal tubules. Compared to group C, the 3H labeling index remained 50% higher. In the cortical portion, the comparable value was 1275% higher than that of control. The mean grain count over labeled nuclei was increased by 26.2% compared to group D and remained 24.8% lower than in group C.

anthracene induced changes after long term exposure in Mice.”]
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Vol.1 No.6 -6 : Pioneer Study on the Assessment of ground carbon content for species (Acacia seyal, Acacia sengal and Balanites aegyptiaca) using inventory data as Climate Change Indicators in Sudan .

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By : Osama B. Ali

Abstract

Sudan is vast country with diverse of ecological systems, however the contribution to climate within the global climate would be addressed remarkably for the situation of the on-going activity. The climate change and mitigation could be observed through forest inventory using volume of wood and the above ground carbon content of land cover. This study was carried out during the summer of 2012 at the Higlig Area south of Kordfan state near the borders with South .A sum total of 176 sample plots with radices 200m2 cover area representing 196000 hectares. Each sample plot was marked on the map using the Global Positioning System (GPS) the position was detected any lay out took place. Each sample plot was measured by callipering all trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥4 cm (DBH) and tree number record with maximum number of 10 trees. The data led to classify forest types according to tree number per hectare to close forest, open wood land and scattered trees and shrubs, volume of each was calculated as 86180m3,16065m3, 10394m3respectively and total of 112639m3.The dry volume were changed to carbon content using the biomass expansion factor for tropical forests(0.7975) so total of 296505kg of carbon content for closed forest,1892kg carbon content for open forest and 721kg for trees and shrubs with total of 299118kg for the whole area, the carbon content expressed as carbon sink in the form of above ground carbon content, thus reflect towards climate change and mitigation as same would be carbon emission for other uses, any forest inventory should extracted those data to reflect the balance of above ground carbon in way of carbon sink or carbon emission.

6. Pioneer Study on the Assessment of ground carbon content for species (Acacia seyal, Acacia sengal and Balanites aegyptiaca) using inventory data as Climate Change Indicators in Sudan .
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Vol.1 No.6 -7 : Ameliorative effect of Cymbopogon citratus extract on cisplatin-induced genotoxicity in human leukocytes

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By : Islam M. El-Garawani

Abstract

Cisplatin (Cis) as anticancer drug has many side effects and non-selective targeting of cancerous cells. In this work, the antigenotoxic potential of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaves aqueous extract (CC) against the cisplatininduced genotoxicity in human peripheral leukocytes was investigated in vitro. Firstly, the antioxidant activity of plant extract was investigated by DPPH method which proved a good antioxidant potential of CC extract. CC enhanced the proliferation and increased cell count when compared to the control and Cis-treated groups. Furthermore, the expression of nuclear protein Ki-67 as a marker of cell proliferation was tested immunocytochemically and the results supported the ameliorative effect of CC against the genotoxic effect of Cis. The nuclear dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescent staining of cells showed the distinct morphological features of apoptosis and cell death among Cis-treated groups. The reduction of total genomic DNA fragmentation on agarose gel was noted among CC-treated groups when compared to Cis-treated groups.

7. Ameliorative effect of Cymbopogon citratus extract on cisplatin-induced genotoxicity in human leukocytes
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Vol.1 No.6 -8 : Acrylamide induced histochemical and immunohistochemical alterations in rat kidney cortex

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By : Safia Mohamed Hassan1 and Eman Ahmed Youssef 2

Abstract

Acrylamide represents an industrial chemical and has become one of the main public health concerns since it was detected in extensively consumed food items. The present study was planned to investigate the effects of two doses of acrylamide on some enzyme activities and immunoreactivity of some immunohistochemical parameters in kidney cortex of male rats. Rats were randomly divided equally into three groups. Group (I) was control, group (II) was given acrylamide for 6 months orally in a dose of 0.05 mg/ /Kg dissolved in water for 3 doses per week and group (III) was administered acrylamide in a dose of 0.5 mg by the same way as in group II. At the end of the experiment all animals were sacrificed under anesthesia, kidney was immediately removed and processed for histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. The results revealed that the activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) were significantly increased, while succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was decreased significantly compared to control group. On the other hand, immunohistochemical results showed that acrylamide significantly reduced the immunoreactions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e- NOS) in addition to significant increase in immunoreactivity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (i- NOS) and insignificant increase in alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) with respect to control group. Over all, these results suggested that the deleterious effect in kidney tissue resulted from oral administration of acrylamide, most probably due to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.

8. Acrylamide induced histochemical and immunohistochemical alterations in rat kidney cortex
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Vol.1 No.6 -9 : The Egyptian population records significant differences in allele frequencies as compared to other Arabian populations from Morocco, Syria and Gaza using short tandem repeat system

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By : Samir A. Nassar 1, Nermien A. Ibrahim 2, Ali M. Abd El-Gawad 3 and Mohamed F. Omar 4

Abstract

The allele frequencies of the selected somatic short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphic loci (D3S1358, TH01, D21S11, D18S51, Penta E, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, Penta D, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX and FGA ) were evaluated for 103 buccal swab samples of healthy unrelated Egyptian individuals collected from 27 governorates. Two DNA extraction methods were used (a manual organic one and BioRobot EZ1 automatic method). Samples were amplified by PowerPlexR 16 system, genotyped and allele frequencies were calculated. The aim of this work was to establish a STR database for 15 loci in the Egyptian population and comparing their DNA characteristics with those of Morocco, Syria and Gaza, located at the very West and East of Mediterranean sea, respectively, and to chick if they can be fused to a single Arabian database. The present results indicated that buccal cell DNA samples can provide precise estimates of human amplifiable DNA. DNA yields obtained with the BioRobot EZ1 were of better quantity and quality of extracted DNA. In the studied Egyptian population, the current investigation recorded allele specificity in some loci; locus D21S11 (allele 28.2) and locus D18S51 (allele 13.2). However, other alleles could be recorded as non-specific for the Egyptian population like allele 16 of Penta D locus and alleles 6 and 13 of TPOX locus. The interpopulation comparison between the obtained Egyptian population database and the previously mentioned Arabian populations revealed significant differences allover the 15 loci. The presence of allele 20 of D3S1358 locus, allele 24.2 of D21S11 locus and allele19.2 of FGA locus in a sample from a crime scene and it is referred to unknown person indicates that the person is not Egyptian but from Morocco. If the allele 35.2 of D21S11 locus, allele 17.2 of D18S51 locus, allele 5 of CSF1PO and allele 9 of FGA locus is found in a sample from a crime scene and it referred to an unknown person, this indicates that the person is not Egyptian but from Gaza . If allele 16.4 of Penta E locus, allele 7 of D13S317 locus, allele 9.3 of D7S820 locus, allele 15 of D16S539 locus and allele 11.3 of D8S1179 locus found in a sample from a crime scene and it is referred to an unknown person, this indicates that the person is not Egyptian but from Syria. Thus, a common STR database for the Arabian population cannot be established. In conclusion, the present data may be considered as a helpful preparation for a preliminary construction of the local DNA database of the Egyptian population.

9. The Egyptian population records significant differences in allele frequencies as compared to other Arabian populations from Morocco, Syria and Gaza using short tandem repeat system
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