Vol.1 No.3 -3 : A new approach in bacteriological and chemical treatment of surface water for drinking purpose.

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By : Hisham.M1; Shaaban M.T.2 ; Sara. A3; Fakhrany.M4 and Hazaa.M.M.

Abstract

The surface water contain some dissolved contaminants such as iron and manganese. It is unsuitable for drinking water without appropriate treatment. Under standard and steady-state conditions, the bioreactor was very effective when 2% of the nano polymer composite granules (w/v)borne bioagent bacteria as a substrate for the biofilm formation. The mixture was aerated for 24 hs. The treated water have been uptake for determination the concentration of cations and microbiological analysis. Each 1L of surface water sample with continuous aeration and left for 24h and as a result many physical, chemical and bacteriological changes occurred .For the surface water temperature decreased by 2.2°C and 2.0°C related to raw water and chlorinated water , pH increased by 0.2 and 0.4 ppm related to raw water and chlorinated water . TDS decrease from (276 to 220 ppm) while in chemical treatment increase to (285 ppm) also conductivity decrease from(434 to 425) US/CM but increase to(442 US/CM) in the chlorinated treatment , while turbidity increase from (9.8 to 10.3) NTU. The elimination of the heavy metals was remarkable in this study as in rate of Fe that decrease from (0.39 to 0.21)ppm and for Mn it remains constant .Total alkalinity decrease from(142 to 130) ppm while in chemical treatment was 120 ppm. calcium hardness decrease from (78 to 54) ppm and as a result the calcium decrease from (31.2 to 21.6)ppm and in chemical one it has the same value of the raw water sample .Magnesium hardness increase from (100 to 108 )ppm &for the magnesium ion increase from (10.56 to 16.8) ppm. The chlorides decrease to 20 ppm in the bio treated water sample but it was normal to increase to 31 ppm in the chemical treated sample. Sulfates content decrease from (15.5 to 10.7)ppm but in chemical treatment it increase to 17 ppm. Phosphate content increase from(<0.01 to o.o2) ppm while the nitrate content decrease from(0.86 to 0.5) ppm it also decrease in the chemical treatment to 0.48 ppm and ammonia content decrease from (0.06 to0.01) ppm and in chemical treatment reach to <0.01 ppm a. Drinking water sources are contaminated with coliforms and pathogenic bacteria. The bacteriological results shows that all the bio treated sample had no fecal Coliform growth (<1) C/100ml but give positive results with the total Coliform with confluent colonies whereas in the chemical treatment both the total &fecal Coliform tests were negative.

3. A new approach in bacteriological and chemical treatment of surface water for drinking purpose.
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Vol.1 No.3 -4 : Effects of swine flu (H1N1) vaccine on albino rats.

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By : Fatma Ahmed Eid 1, Aly Fahmy Mohamed2, Alya Mohammed Aly1 and Nadia Fathy Ibrahim1

Abstract

The pandemic flu (2009) is a global outbreak of a new strain of H1N1 influenza virus that referred as “swine flu”. The 2009 flu pandemic vaccines (H1N1 vaccines) are the biological preparation of influenza vaccines that have been developed to protect and improve immunity against the pandemic H1N1/09 virus. Squalene has been added to vaccine as immunologic adjuvant to stimulate the immune system, increase the response to the vaccine and reduce amount of usage vaccine. Thimerosal has been added to some vaccines as a preservative because it is effective in preventing bacterial contamination, particularly in multidose containers. To investigate the possible immunological effects of swine flu vaccine, Albino rats were injected with H1N1 antigen contained thimerosal, adjuvant and H1N1 vaccine. Results obtained in the present study showed that squalene and thimerosal contributed to the regiment of adverse reactions and symptoms, which act as detergents instead of its helper role of vaccine that undergone toxicity effectors in the biological pathways including; immunopathological and histopathological effects; the damage was done by vaccine, particularly when potentiated by powerful “immunoenhancers” caused a strong immunostimulation that emphasized by results of this research as well as its biological hazards which are more pronounced when act together as whole vaccine than they act individually so the adverse events that resulted from treatment with squalene-adjuvanted vaccine are more potent than those of either antigen or squalene- treated groups.

4. Effects of swine flu (H1N1) vaccine on albino rats.
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Vol.1 No.3 -5 : Preventive effect of melatonin against dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced changes in renal tubules of Mice an Autoradiographic Study.

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By : Margit Semmler1, Abdel-Baset M. Aref2

Abstract

The present study aims to evaluate the possible preventive effect of melatonin against dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in epithelial cells of cortical and medullary renal tubules in mice applying the method of quantitative autoradiography. Exposure to a single injection of DMBA (10mg/ 100g b.w.) and examined after 60 days revealed different changes in cell proliferation in the two portions of the tubules. In males, the mean values raised by 388% and 363% for cortical and medullary renal tubules respectively compared to control. The mean grain count over labelled nuclei was reduced 51% and 35.2% respectively for the two portions of the renal tubules. In females the cell division was stimulated by 125% in the cortical tubules and whereas in the medullary portion it remained nearly unchanged compared to control. In males, the mean grain count over labelled nuclei was lower by 47.6% in cortical renal tubules and by 67.3% in medullary renal tubules. In females, the mean grain count over labelled nuclei was in both portions reduced by about 60%. Long term exposure to a single injection of DMBA for 120 days increased the cell proliferation in males and females in both portions of the renal tubules. A daily melatonin injection (100 μg/ 100g b.w.) for 60 and 120 days proliferation rate by 79.8% and 83.9% respectively in males for the two portions, while the mean grain count over labelled nuclei was lower by 20% and 39% respectively. In females melatonin attenuated cell proliferation by 67% and 43% in cortical and medullary respectively compared to the DMBA exposed group. and reached thereby the level of control. The grain counts over labelled nuclei were reduced identically by 105% in cortical and medullary renal tubules, but remained still 20% under that of control.

5. Preventive effect of melatonin against dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced changes in renal tubules of Mice an Autoradiographic Study.
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Vol.1 No.3 -6 : Toxic effects of some pesticides on the enzymatic activities and spermatogenesis of the land snail Monacha cantiana.

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By : Sharaf, H.M.*,Abd El-Atti M.S. and Salama, M.A.

Abstract

Laboratory studies have been carried out on the toxic effects of three different pesticides namely, Diazinon, Lambdacyhalothrin and Methomyl as poisonous baits against the land snail, Monacha cantiana. The activities of five vital tissue enzymes, as Catalase (CAT), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Aspartate transaminase (AST). Alanine transaminase(ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were examined after exposure of these snails to LC50 (5ppm) of the tested pesticides for 96hr. Results showed clearly that all sublethal concentrations of tested pesticides lead to a significant increase in the activities of the enzymatic levels within tissues of treated snails. On the other hand, LC25 (2.5 ppm) of Diazinon was found to produce severe histopathological alterations in the hermaphrodite gland of M. cantiana, including, deterioration in germinal epithelium of the acini spermatocytes as well as reduction in numbers of sperms which are inhibited to develop to the late stages of maturity.

6. Toxic effects of some pesticides on the enzymatic activities and spermatogenesis of the land snail Monacha cantiana.
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Vol.1 No.2 -6 : Life cycle of Eimeria rhinopomi sp. nov. (Apicomplexa Eimeriidae) infecting lesser mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma hardwickii Gray, 1831 (Chiroptera Rhinopomatidae) in Egypt.

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By : Fathy A. Abdel-Ghaffar1, Mohammed A. Shazly1,Ola H. El-Habit2 , Irene S. Gamil2,Reda M. Mansour2

Abstract

Developmental stages of the life cycle of E. rhinopomi sp. nov. were described for the first time from the lesser mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma hardwickii in Egypt. 152 bats were collected from October 2012 to December 2014 and examined for the presence of coccidian parasites. The infection rate was 26.32%. The collected unsporulated oocysts from the naturally infected bats were allowed to sporulate in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. Events of sporulation and sporulation time were described. The sporulated oocysts were subspherical to ovoid measuring 29.1-36.2 x 27.3-30.2 μm and limited by a smooth double-layered wall; no micropyle but a polar granule and oocyst residuum were observed. The sporocyst measured 8.6-9.1 x 6.4-7.3 μm with a sporocyst residuum; Stieda and substieda bodies were also observed. Experimental inoculation of sporulated oocysts was carried out and the developmental endogenous stages (merogony and gamogony) were followed up and described. The prepatent period was 4 days while the patent period was 10-12 days. Endogenous stages took place in the lamina propria and epithelial cells of the upper third of the small intestine of the experimentally infected bats. Merogony occurred at 25-60 h p.i. and only one generation was observed. The mature meronts measured 10.3 x 6.2μm and yielded up to 50 merozoites. Gamogony occurred at 72-96 h p.i. The mature microgamonts measured 8.2 x 6 μm and contained up to 30 small nuclei while the mature macrogamonts measured 11.3 x 10.2 μm and contained 2 types of wall-forming bodies (types I&II). At 90-96 h p.i., newly-formed zygotes or young oocysts were observed.

Vol.1 No.2 -5 : Ultrastructural evidence of spermatogenesis in the rusty parrotfish, Scarus ferrugineus (Teleostei Scaridae).

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By : T. El-Sayed Ali1*#, S. H. Abdel-Aziz1,

Abstract

This work analyses the spermatogenesis in the males of Scarus ferrugineus from histological and ultrastructural points of view. This study was carried out during the period of formation of spermatozoa thus being able to determine the pattern of spermiogenesis which is important for phylogenetic analysis. Histological examination revealed that the germ cells are classified into spermatogonia, spermatocytes, Sertoli cells, spermatids and spermatozoon based on morphology and size of the nucleus, organelles and centriolar morphology. Ultrastructural characteristics of primary spermatocytes show large nuclei with moderately compacted clusters of chromatin while secondary spermatocytes are comparatively smaller in size with central nuclei and scattered chromatin in either pole. The spermatozoon of this species is characterized by: the diplosome remains outside the nuclear fossa, the nucleus rotates at a slight degree and the flagellum is asymmetrically located, the two centrioles are arranged perpendicular to each other and no more than five spherical mitochondria are observed. Structural characteristics of Leydig cells and Sertoli cells were also described and discussed.

Vol.1 No.2 -4 : Microbiological and molecular studies on Salmonella spp. isolated from broilers in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Egypt.

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By : Mohamed T. Shaaban 1, Hegazy , A.M 2,Sami I.Menisy 3

Abstract

Prevalence of Salmonella pathogen in poultry in Kafr El – Sheikh governorate, Egypt were analyzed in 100 pooled samples from poultry (liver, spleen , cloacal swab, gall bladder ), using culture and PCR based methods. The results showed that S. enteric was detected in 10 samples (10%), S. enterica serovar Enteritidis , S. enterica serovars Typhimurium and non-typable serovars were detected in 4(40%) , 2(20%) and 4(40%) respectively . All isolates were multi-drug resistant .Also, all isolates had drug resistant genes except for only one isolate was S. enterica serovar Enteritidis . No integrons were detected.

4. Microbiological and molecular studies on Salmonella spp. isolated from broilers in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Egypt.
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Vol.1 No.2 -3 : Environmental and physiological impacts of heavy metals on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

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By : Bayomy, M. F. F1, Alne-na-ei, A. A.1, Gaber, H. S.2, Sayed, H. A3. Khairy D.M2

Abstract

The present study was conducted to investigate the distribution of selected metals (Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu) in tissues of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) grown along El- Khadrawia drain – Mubark industrial Zone. The tissues analyzed included muscle and liver. Results showed metal concentrations in water followed a richness of: Fe> Zn> Cu> Pb >Cd mg/l (p < 0.05) while Fe> Cu > Zn > Pb > Cd mg/Kg dry wt. (p < 0.05) in muscles and liver tissues in winter season. Metal levels in muscles follow the level: Zn>Fe>Cu> Pb>Cd mg/Kg dry wt. (p < 0.05), while in liver they follow the level: Fe > Zn > Cu>Pb>Cd mg/Kg dry wt. (p < 0.05) in summer season. The presence of heavy metals led to significant decrease in nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) contents in liver tissue during summer season (p<0.05). So, the study showed that muscles of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) along El- Khadrawia drain are not safe from contamination with the metals investigated.

3. Environmental and physiological impacts of heavy metals on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
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Vol.1 No.2 -2 : Effect of starvation and drought on the activity of the freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii.

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By : Gamalat Y. Osman, Mansour A. Galal, Sherin K. Sheir* and Mona M. Soliman

Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the effect of starvation and drought on the adult Procumbarus clarkii. Samples were captured from the River Nile, Dakahleyia province, Egypt. Measurements were the animal weight and length and survival rate. The experiment was divided into four groups, control with food and water, starved with water only, drought with food only and starved – drought without any food or water groups. Crayfishes showed great tolerance for 14 weeks (P < 0.05). The body weight of the crayfish was more affected than the body and carapace lengths due to the loss of its chelae during starvation. In the starved groups, survival rate of the crayfish declined because its aggressive behavior such as killing each others (66.6%). Crayfishes could not tolerate drought for a long time (5 days). The body weight, length, and the carapace length were minimally influenced during drought, while the survival rate was dramatically affected within few days. The combined effect of both stressors affected the animal survival more drastically within four days (100, 50 and 0%). It can be concluded that starvation and drought caused serious changes in P. clarkii behavior, biometry and survival rate, which determine the ability of crayfish to adapt to one or more of the environmental changes.

2. Effect of starvation and drought on the activity of the freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii.
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Vol.1 No.2 -1 : Clomiphene citrate induced kidney injury in female albino rat.

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By : Hawazen A. Lamfon1 and Nahid A. Lamfon2

Abstract

Clomiphene citrate (clomid), a selective oestrogen-receptor modulator, is used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. On the other hand, it showed many adverse effects. The present work investigates the effects of clomiphene citrate (CC) on kidney of female albino rats. Many biochemical and histological changes were induced in these animals when treated with CC at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. Treating animals with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight caused elevations in serum creatinine and urea. The histological changes in the kidney of treated animals included intertubular leucocytic infiltrations, congestion of blood vessels and degeneration of renal tubules. Moreover, atrophy of glomeruli was recorded. In conclusion, biochemical and histopathological alterations indicated that clomiphene citrate causes renal damage in female albino rats.

1. Clomiphene citrate induced kidney injury in female albino rat.
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