Vol.6 No.4 – 4: Bio-Remediation of Pb-contaminated Soil Cultivated With Faba Bean Via Application of Rhizobacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum UCMB 5033

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By: Rania Mohammed Sabri Sultan1, Raad Homod Mohammed Al-Hazmi2

1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia2Ministry of Education, Western Region, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Bio-remediation of Faba bean (Vicia faba cv. luz deotono) plants growing under lead (Pb) contaminated soil using the bacteria strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum UCMB 5033 was tested under three Pb concentrations (2000mg/L 0.5%, 2500mg/L 1.0%, 3000mg/L 5%). Growth parameters (plant height, plant fresh weight, and plant dry weight of the Pb-treated bacteria inoculated Faba bean plants showed significant increases compared to the Pb-treated non-inoculated Faba bean plants under Pb concentration of 0.5% and 1.0% giving 5.76%, 50.43% increases in height, 42.68%, 253.36% increase in fresh wt., and 237.69%, 325.97% increase in dry wt. Regarding the plant nutrient, NPK contents the non-inoculated Pb–treated plants gave significantly the highest N content under all Pb concentration levels and the highest PK contents under Pb concentrations 0.5 and 1.0% compared to the bio-remediated plants. But the bio-remediated plants dominated the non-inoculated Faba bean plants in absorbing the highest PK contents under a Pb concentration of 5.0%. Regarding Pb absorption, the bio-remediated plants dominated the non-inoculated Faba bean plants and absorbed the highest Pb especially under 1.0% Pb concentration. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum UCMB 5033 may be considered a bio-remediator for Faba bean plants grown under Pb contaminated soils.

Bio-Remediation-of-Pb-contaminated-Soil-Cultivated-With-Faba-Bean-Via-Application-of-Rhizobacteria-Bacillus-amyloliquefaciens-subsp.-plantarum-UCMB-5033-converted

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Vol.6 No.4 – 3: A Theory of Biodiversity and Gene Evolution

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By: Sobhy E. Hassab El-Nabi

Zoology Department – Faculty of Science Menufia University- Egypt

Abstract

The statement of theory: {Evolution of organisms and biodiversity depends mainly on gene evolution through the appearance of novel genes. Biodiversity results from the DNA modifications induced by visible and non-visible environmental effects, the variation of gene expression, stresses, mutation, and invasion of genetic materials. Each individual belongs to the same species of living organisms has its own identity of DNA fingerprint}. The principles of theory: Gene evolution depends mainly on gene duplication, a variety of environmental conditions, mutation, transposable elements, horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Also, de nove genes originated from non-coding DNA which mainly comes from retroviruses, exosome, micro-RNA, and invader nucleic acids from viruses, bacteria, or any parasite. Similarity and variations are the principles of life. In the same species, the similarity is produced from coding DNA while, individual variations arise from non-coding DNA. Aim and applications of theory: The main prediction of this theory is not only each individual of human beings have his unique DNA fingerprint, but also any individual in the same species has also a unique identity in DNA fingerprint. Any living organism acquires genetic materials through their intimate contacts with other organisms and environmental DNA. If the acquired genetic material reaches germ cells, it could transfer to the next generation giving new traits. Viruses are considered the main source of genetic transformation in all living organisms. The genomic materials of some viruses could integrate inside the human genome like hepatitis B and HIV. The human genome has about 5 % viral genetic material, especially from retroviruses. This theory could explain the appearance of new individuals according to the transfer of genetic materials during intimate contact between different species and support many researchers who discovered new species. Also, this theory may explain and will answer different questions; why husband and wife after some time, nearly acquire some similarities? Why people in the same geographical area nearly have a similar pattern? Why don’t siblings match their DNA fingerprint? Also, it explains the host-parasite relationship depending upon the transfer of DNA and RNA in between.

A-Theory-of-Biodiversity-and-Gene-Evolution-converted.

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